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Table 1: The relative ages of the seven volcanic centres on the island of Nevis. Volcanic Centres Hurricane Hill Cades Bay Round Hill Saddle Hill Butler’s Mountain Nevis Peak Red Cliff Relative ages/ Ma 3.43 ± 0.17 3.22 ± 0.16 2.70 ± 0.50 1.80 ± 0.30 1.10 ± 0.16 0.98 ± 0.10 ≈ 1.00 Figure 5. This represents a simple illustration of the locations of the seven volcanic centres along the NW to SE of the island of Nevis. The main volcanic centre on the island is Nevis peak. It is a single volcanic complex, comprising of a series of other volcanic centres and domes. This is the only potentially active centre, as it is a Peleen type volcano- andesite to dacite (58-65wt%; Hutton and Nockolds 1978). The formation of Nevis peak is due to effusive eruptions of lava that also produced the numerous other nested lava domes which form the bulk of the main cone. There exists a 1000 m-wide, semi-circular depression that is open to the west and northwest, of the northwestern quadrant of Nevis Peak. This was referred to as a breached crater by previous researchers (Martin-Kaye 1959; Hutton and Nockolds 1978). The cause of this depression is unclear; however, its formation is credited to the collapse of the northwestern summit of the volcano during dome collapse events. Violent eruptions at these centres have displayed remnants of lava domes. Saddle Hill and Butler’s Mountain have radiometric ages of 1.80 and 1.10Ma respectively, and are therefore somewhat younger. The Nevis peak volcanic centre is believed to be the youngest on the island, based on its youthful appearance and an age estimate of 0.98 – 0.10 Ma (Hutton and Nockolds 1978; Geothermica Italiana 1991). GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITY IN NEVIS Large areas of pervasively hydrothermally altered rock present throughout the island (e.g. Clarks Ghut) are interpreted as areas of past/extinct fumarolic activity. Presently geothermal activity is heavily concentrated on the Western half of the island of Nevis. In the nineteen fifties the two areas of main interest in Nevis were Cades bay Soufriere and Farm estate Soufriere. Cades bay Soufriere is an area of warm, hydrothermally altered ground approximately 900 square metres. Soil temperatures of up to 100°C were reported for these early stages (Robson and Willmore 1955). As a result of the response to local readjustments in the groundwater system brought about by severe earthquakes between 1950 and 1951, it is likely to have formed Cades bay Soufriere. Farm estate Soufriere on the other hand, is also a hydrothermally altered ground (part of the Sulphur Ghut stream valley). Temperatures of up to 100°C were also obtained from within small crevices at Farm estate Soufriere when visited by Robson and Willmore in 1953. 1.0 Fractured Reservoirs A natural geological system can be described as highly complex when the geological structure and physical processes occurring within them are considered. For investigation into such a system, it is vital to understand the natural processes, and the interactions with geological structures. The system structure and the processes occurring within it are therefore represented by conceptual models, designed to meet the requirements of certain types of problems on a given scale Dietrich, P et al. 2005 The level of complexity is inversely related to the level of simplicity when moving from a natural system to a numerical model that describes this system. Specifically a conceptual model is satisfied by the following three areas:PDF Image | CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY CARIBBEAN
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