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fired boilers. The plan includes a vision for growth to 2020, when the network will supply 14.5 million m2 of area, representing 75% of the city’s current heating surface. China has been embracing district heating as a key infrastructure investment strategy in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In Krakow, Poland, a UNESCO World Heritage site, availability of district heating service facilitated the architectural renewal of vitally important historic buildings. Krakow’s system incorporates a modern, efficient system that is providing energy and economic savings while reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the closure of 392 coal-fired boiler units over the period 1990-2008. At the University of Texas Austin, one of the largest universities in the USA with over 70,000 faculty and students, 200 campus buildings are served by a 137 MW cogeneration based district energy system that provides 100% of the power, heating and air conditioning for the campus. Energy efficiency and system upgrades have saved UT Austin over $150 million over the past decade. Compared to 1977, the campus has nearly doubled in size from 9 million to 16 million square feet and annual electricity demand has more than doubled from 183,000 MWh to 372,000 MWh, yet carbon emissions have been reduced to 1977 levels. The highly efficient CHP district energy system has essentially provided carbon neutral growth at the University of Texas Austin. District Energy in the United States With approximately 2500 district energy systems in the United States, including most large cities and college campuses, there are a widespread opportunities to integrate cogeneration into existing district energy systems or to recover waste heat sources from industry or to connect renewable thermal sources like ocean or lake water for district cooling systems. In St. Paul, MN for example, the district energy system underwent extensive renewal and expansion over the past 25 years. Converting the primary fuel from coal to municipal waste wood, the downtown district energy system now produces heating, cooling and power for twice the volume of customer square footage with half the fuel and has cut emissions by 250,000 tonnes of CO2 per year. District energy systems have been operating in the US for over 100 years and currently serve more than 4.3 billion sq ft of building space, including landmark buildings like the US Capitol and Supreme Court, the Empire State Building, the Mayo Clinic and Harvard Medical School. Since 1990 in North America, industry systems have reported 467,686,922 of added customer space, averaging about 40 million sq ft of new customer space added per year over the past five years. Policy Opportunities Ahead When the US Congress finally convenes around a climate bill, it will be critically important that cap and trade regulations do not impair district energy/CHP systems with an imbalance in allowance costs, particularly if electric utilities are granted free allowances. The current House (Waxman-Markey) and Senate (Kerry-Boxer) bills provide limited allowance exemptions to a 8 Copyright ©2009 International District Energy Association. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Copenhagens District Heating System
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