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Jurnal PRESIPITASI Vol. 3 No.2 September 2007, ISSN 1907-187X Figure 6 Gas turbine power plant. Organic rankine cycle (ORC) is a closed cycle process of converting thermal energy produced by flare burning in landfill to mechanical energy by utilizing organic fluid (USCCTP, 2005). The ORC operations for converting LFG require no alteration of plant layout of the ORC using geothermal energy. Energy input is the main operating parameter of the system, wherein LFG can be used without concern of fuel type. As the system is still under research and development process and costly, the ORC demonstration is still infrequently implemented. From recent findings, the performance of this system is incomparable to the conventional ones, ICE and GT. The efficiency of system is much lower and it emits more pollutants. Figure 7 Organic Rankine Cycle Engine Source: (USEPA, 2007) STIRLING CYCLE ENGINE (SCE) Stirling cycle engine is a closed-cycle hot air engine. The advantage of using this system for electricity generation from LFG is high heat capacity and power densities of the external combustion engine. On the other hand, high content is a drawback of the system along with limited size of engine and rare demonstration projects. Prior research has found that this system emits low emissions of NOx and carbon monoxide (CO) in comparison with other systems (Table 2). It low in fuel consumption and high efficiency are the main advantages from this system. Further development and large scale demonstration should be done to test the performance of this system. Figure 8 Stirling “external combustion” engine Landfill gas in form of methane can supplement fossil fuel function to fuel power plant. It mitigates greenhouse gases emission in two ways, alleviating CO2 emission from fossil fuel combustion and exploiting CH4 from landfill for energy production. The development of landfill gas power generation in USA is faster compared to Australia. Figure 9 illustrates LFG flow power plant projects in USA over the period 2000 to 2006. The reciprocating engine, gas turbine, steam turbine, and combined cycle engine have predominant the past century technology for electricity generation. From 2000 to 2006, the conventional technologies contributed at most. Established in 1982, Vermont Energy Recovery was the first landfill gas power plant that utilizes reciprocating engine to produce 500 kWe. Interestingly, the 21st century is signed with some innovation in LFG power plant projects, including Microturbine (2001), Stirling Cycle Engine (2002), and the newest technology Source: (USEPA, 2007) LFG POWER PLANT CHALLENGES IMPLEMENTATION OF LFG FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION 12 (1) Fuel, (2) Gas turbine, (3) Combined cycle, (4) Single shaft design, (5) Outlet stack damper, (6) Three stage steam turbine, (7) Condenser, (8) Repeating the cycle, (9) Cooling off, and (10) Electricity distribution. Source: (CSenergy) ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE (ORC)PDF Image | ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM LANDFILL GAS
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