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introduced in 2004 was Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). As SCE is considered new innovation, the flow of LFG is very low compared other established technologies. Sri Hapsari Sulistiorini Electricity Generation from Landfill Gas Table 4 Renewable power generation and sales in 2001/2002 Source: (ABCSE, 2007) Primary Fuel Generation (GWh) Sales ($M)* Hydro 15,765 581 Bagasse 388 18 Landfill Gas 416 17 Sewage Gas 26 2 Wind 168 12 TOTAL 16,763 630 1,000,000 900,000 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 2000 2001 Combined Cycle Organic Rankine Cycle 2002 2003 Year Gas Turbine Reciprocating Engine 2004 2005 2006 Microturbine Steam Turbine ENHANCING LFG PRODUCTION A bioreactor landfill, as illustrated in Figure 10, is a system of rapid degradation of organic waste by adding liquid which enhance nutrient supply for microbial processes (USEP A, 2006). The fast degradation process will bring forward the LFG production. Figure 9 is illustrating an accelerated LFG production in bioreactor landfill where methane occurs faster due to rapid hydrolysis and oxygen consumption by microorganism. According to EP A (2006), bioreactor system is not only enhanced the process but also increase the yield of gas. Further research should be conducted to predict bioreactor landfill gas production phases. Figure 9 LFG flow to power plant projects in USA during 2000 and 2006 In case of Australia, LFG power plant in 1997 was summing up for 80 MW landfill gas power plants (Table 3). It has been increased to 97 MW in 1999, 100 MW in 2003, and 105 MW in 2005 (ABCSE, 2007, AGO, 2005, REM and RMIT, 1999). All the landfill gas power plant in Australia is still using reciprocating engine and gas turbine. Current technology developed in USA has not adopted yet in Australia. This is because the policy of the Australian government regarding renewable energy has been focused on hydro power. More than 90% of renewable energy generated in Australia was coming from hydro power while landfill gas was only 2.5% of the total renewable energy (Table 4). Similar figure was also reflected in the sales of energy. Table 3 Landfill gas generation plants in Australia (a) (b) Figure 10 Leachate recirculation and LFG extraction in bioreactor landfill at (a) active site and (b) after closure Source: (TiTreeBioenergy) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Figure 11 A graphical approach of methane production in bioreactor landfill Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Bioreactor landfill C Phase 4 onventional landfill Belrose, NSW Power plant Capacity (MW) 4.0 Berwick, Vic 5.0 Brisbane, Qld 1.0 Broadmedows, Vic 10.0 Clayton, Vic 7.0 Corio, Vic 1.0 Highbury, SA 2.0 Lucas Heights, Menai, NSW 3.0 Lucas Heights WMC, NSW 8.0 Perth, WA 13.2 Springvale, Vic 8.0 Sunshine, Vic 7.7 Tea Tree Gully, SA 3.0 Wingfield I, SA 5.0 Wingfield II, SA TOTAL 2.0 80.0 Source: (REM and RMIT, 1999) 13 3 LFG Flow (m /day)PDF Image | ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM LANDFILL GAS
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