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30 | OSCAR LANDERRETCHE Figure 2. ENERGY INTENSITY BTU PER 2000 US DOLLARS PPP (US EIA October 2007) CHILE’S CHOICES | 31 REGIONAL INTEGRATION Geography also makes Latin American integration difficult. Nonetheless, there has been some progress in recent years, reflected in the area of electricity (binational hydroelectric power plants such as Salto Grande, Itaipu and Yacyretá) and natural gas. Table 2. ECONOMIC GROWTH 1987–2007 GDP PC (NATIONAL CURRENCY AT CONSTANT PRICES), IMF WEO April 2008 19,000 17,000 15,000 13,000 11,000 9,000 7,000 5,000 3,000 1,000 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 USA ARGENTINA BRAZIL PERU VENEZUELA CHILE BOLIVIA Equatorial Guinea 14.8% Burkina Faso 2.4% China 8.6% Pakistan 2.4% Bhutan 6.6% Samoa 2.4% Vietnam 5.7% Uruguay 2.3% Korea 5.2% Albania 2.3% Ireland 5.2% Norway 2.3% Botswana 5.2% Finland 2.3% Myanmar 5.2% Ghana 2.3% Mozambique 4.9% Morocco 2.2% Taiwan Province of China 4.9% Lesotho 2.2% Thailand 4.7% Angola 2.2% Trinidad and Tobago 4.6% Sudan 2.2% Singapore 4.5% Guyana 2.2% India 4.4% Mali 2.2% Chile 4.3% United Kingdom 2.2% Cambodia 4.3% Egypt 2.1% Mauritius 4.2% Netherlands 2.1% Malaysia 4.2% Australia 2.1% St.Vincent and the Grenadines 4.0% Tanzania 2.1% Luxembourg 3.8% St. Lucia 2.0% Cape Verde 3.8% Belgium 2.0% Maldives 3.8% Austria 2.0% Lao People’s Democratic Rep. 3.7% Czech Republic 1.9% Sri Lanka 3.6% Sweden 1.9% Belize 3.6% Hungary 1.9% Indonesia 3.4% Philippines 1.8% St. Kitts and Nevis 3.3% United States 1.8% Hong Kong SAR 3.2% Japan 1.8% Fiji 3.2% El Salvador 1.7% Poland 3.2% Germany 1.7% Dominican Republic 3.2% Dominica 1.7% Bahrain 3.0% Argentina 1.7% Tunisia 3.0% Denmark 1.7% Bangladesh 2.9% Israel 1.7% Nepal 2.8% France 1.6% Antigua and Barbuda 2.8% Qatar 1.6% Oman 2.8% Iceland 1.6% Nigeria 2.7% Canada 1.6% Uganda 2.7% Mexico 1.6% Costa Rica 2.7% Colombia 1.6% Turkey 2.6% Kiribati 1.5% Grenada 2.6% Ecuador 1.5% Spain 2.6% Syrian Arab Republic 1.5% Chad 2.6% Italy 1.5% Iran, Islamic Republic of 2.5% New Zealand 1.4% Panama 2.5% Ethiopia 1.4% Greece 2.5% Suriname 1.3% Portugal 2.5% Bolivia 1.2% Cyprus 2.5% Swaziland 1.2% Seychelles 2.5% Honduras 1.2% Most Latin American countries are not making any progress in terms of improving energy efficiency in the last decades. Some energy producers, such as Bolivia and Venezuela, have even increased energy intensity considerably over the last years (see Figure 2). Therefore, a country such as Chile that is fast-growing and dependent on energy imports is expected to become very vulnerable unless pragmatic measures are adopted to diversify energy sources, increase efficiency, and develop domestic energy production. In fact, since most Latin American Nations have been experiencing less growth than is needed to catch up to developed countries, their energy needs have not grown as rapidly as they could (Table II). Only four countries (Chile, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica and Panama) are among the top 50 in terms of economic growth over the last twenty years and several Latin American countries are not even among the top 100, Brazil, the largest one by far, being one of them. Latin America’s energy challenges reflect its development challenges. Outmoded policy views are spreading over some parts of the region; they have a great impact on energy markets as well as on the production of oil and natu- ral gas in the near future. Economic policies have changed radically, for exam- ple, in both Bolivia and Argentina, departing from principles of liberalization and modernization and in the process making a casualty of energy markets.PDF Image | Energy and Development in South America
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