PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 024
36 | ROSEANNE FRANCO VENEZUELA | 37 Finally, Chávez seeks to facilitate energy integration in the Caribbean and Central and South America and to engage with other regional powers (e.g., Russia) to counterbalance U.S. global influence. With respect to the government’s energy agenda, the activist regional role being pursued by Caracas is nothing new. Historically, Venezuela appears to assume a leading role following periods of high oil prices, which create windfalls. For exam- ple, in 1980 Venezuela, along with Mexico, signed the San José Accord, which con- tinues to provide crude oil and refined products to eleven Central American and Caribbean nations on favorable terms. The cooperative agreement was reached shortly after oil prices had reached record levels triggered by tensions between the United States and Iran. In other words, Caracas assumes a more activist role on the continent whenever it can afford to do so. Therefore, it is consistent with the behavior of previous Venezuelan govern- ments that Chávez has been pursuing a new wave of regional energy efforts since 2002, fueled by steadily rising oil prices. Among the government’s high profile proj- ects are PetroCaribe, PetroAndina, and PetroSur. To varying degrees, these energy agreements seek to integrate Latin American countries’ energy sectors and, in par- ticular, to foster cooperation between PdVSA and other National Oil Companies (NOCs). Another important component of Chávez’s regional energy integration strategy is the development of the Orinoco Oil Belt. While its reserves are still undergoing certification, the area is estimated to hold some 233 billion barrels, which when coupled with existing oil assets, would place Venezuela ahead of Saudi Arabia in terms of overall petroleum reserves. Accordingly, Chávez would like the Orinoco Belt Reserves to be viewed as a reliable energy source for the continent. To mitigate the technical difficulties and costs related to refining Orinoco’s extra heavy crude, Chávez has proposed the expansion and upgrading of numerous existing refineries around Latin America. The development of the Orinoco Belt provides an opportunity for regional NOC-NOC cooperation. It is divided into 27 blocks and five Latin American NOCs—Brazil’s Petrobrás, Argentina’s Energía Argentina S.A. (ENARSA), Uruguay’s Administración Nacional de Combustibles, Alcohol y Portland (ANCAP), Ecuador’s Petroecuador, and Chile’s Empresa Nacional de Petróleo (ENAP)—have committed to work alongside PdVSA in the development of the acreage. An additional nine NOCs, including Russia’s Lukoil and India’s Oil and Natural Gas Company, Ltd. (ONGC), have also signed on to the project. Nonetheless, there are clear challenges to Chávez’s ambitious energy integra- tion efforts. His PetroAmérica plan yields a mixed bag as PetroCaribe is the most advanced of the energy arrangements, while PetroAndina is the least developed. The energy needs of partner countries and their political sympathies (or lack thereof) with President Chávez tend to influence the level of integration. With regard to Chávez’s downstream commitments to reconfigure and expand the region’s refineries, he appears to have overcommitted, as a number of his refining projects have yet to move beyond the planning stages. Another challenge to Caracas’ regional integration efforts is its reliance on NOCs. All state oil compa- nies are not alike and yet the Venezuelan government has made the NOC its partner of choice, with little regard for the individual companies’ technical and organizational competencies or financial capacity. It is unlikely that these NOCs—many of which are fledgling—can meet the increasing technological challenges and capital needs of Venezuela’s energy sector. OIL RESERVES At end of 2006 (billion barrels) 35350 3300 264.3 2250 2200 1150 1100 50 0 312 137.5 115 97.8 101.5 Estimat Orinoco Belt Reserves 80 ed A closer look at Chávez’s numerous energy project proposals calls their via- bility into question. Those that have come to fruition tend to meet the risk cri- teria established for private sector energy projects of the same size. In other words, ideology aside, those projects that move forward must meet certain thresholds with regard to political support, geology, economics, environment, and security. For example, it is not surprising that one of Chávez’s most ambi- tious energy proposals—the ‘Gas Pipeline of the South’—has stalled. While the project faces no political opposition and little security risk, there are concerns Saudi Arabia Iran Iraq Kuwait UAE VenezuelaPDF Image | Energy and Development in South America
PDF Search Title:
Energy and Development in South AmericaOriginal File Name Searched:
lap.energydevsa.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)