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62 | DAVID MARES ENERGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION | 63 TABLE 1. ELECTRICITY ACCESS IN 2005: LATIN AMERICA At end of 2006 (billion barrels) cent and in Honduras, 62 percent have access. The rates drop as one moves fur- ther down the development ladder. In Haiti, the poorest country in the hemi- sphere, a mere 36 percent of the population has electricity. Institutions affect the broader societal and governmental context within which oil and gas markets function. For producing countries, the most promi- nent development issues revolve around the “resource curse.” This term describes a country that is richly endowed with valuable natural resources and still remains a poor country. Why? The abundance of valuable natural resources creates incentives for rent-seeking behavior and corruption on the part of gov- ernment, the private sector, and even consumers, thereby disrupting the ability of a government to function efficiently and effectively. But—as the experiences of Norway, Great Britain and the United States demonstrate—the resource curse is not inevitable. What determines whether or not a country falls victim to the “resource curse” is institutional. Transparent and accountable institutions of government minimize both rent-seeking behavior and corruption. The politics of developing useful institutions must be analyzed at the domes- tic, regional, and global levels. The institutional context within which energy is developed nationally and traded regionally is a fundamental determinant of the relative prices of distinct energy sources; the institutional context therefore affects demand for and investment in specific sources of energy. It is important to keep in mind that oil and gas have competitors in the market place. One of the factors that affects the use of natural gas—even though it is a cleaner fuel than its chief competitors for power generation (diesel and coal) or for home heating (wood)— is its ability to compete in terms of price with those alternative sources of energy. In a country like Brazil, the availability of hydroelectric power is a major determi- nant of the demand for natural gas, because the consumer price of electricity gen- erated from hydroelectric power is so cheap. If nuclear power plant construction proceeds in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile, and if the energy produced does not reflect the real cost of construction and disposal, then the demand for natural gas and petroleum in the Southern Cone will also be affected. REGIONAL ENERGY COOPERATION AND INTEGRATION The issue of energy integration in the region arises because there are geological and economic factors that should lead to greater integration of Latin America’s energy sectors. Geology and nature have given different parts of the region an abundance of natural endowments that can be used to produce energy: rivers for hydroelectric power, petroleum and natural gas deposits, biomass, and even Electrification Rate Population without electricity million Population with electricity million Source Argentina 95.4% 1.8 37.1 GNESD (2004), ECLAC (2002) Boliva 64.4% 3.3 5.9 ECLAC (2003), OLADE (2002) Brazil 96.5% 6.5 179.7 ECLAC (2003) Chile 98.6% 0.2 16.1 APERC, ECLAC (2003) Colombia 86.1% 6.3 39.2 ECLAC (2003) Costa Rica 98.5% 0.1 4.2 ECLAC (2002) Cuba 95.8% 0.5 10.9 OLADE (2002) Dominican Republic 92.5% 0.7 8.2 DHS (2002), OLADE (2002) Ecuador 90.3% 1.3 11.9 ECLAC (2002) El Salvador 79.5% 1.4 5.5 GNESD (2004), ECLAC (2004) Guatemala 78.6% 2.7 9.8 ESMAP (1988/1999), DHS, OLADE (2002) Haiti 36.0% 5.5 3.1 DHS (2000), Engineers Without Borders (2004) Honduras 61.9% 2.7 4.4 ECLAC (2003) Jamaica 87.3% 0.3 2.3 OLADE (2002) Netherlands Antilles 99.6% 0.0 0.2 IEA estimate Nicaragua 69.3% 1.7 3.8 ECLAC (2002), DHS (2001), Global Environment Facility (2001) Panama 85.2% 0.5 2.7 OLADE (2000) Paraguay 85.8% 0.9 5.2 OLADE (2002) Peru 72.3% 7.7 20.2 ECLAC (2004) Trinidad and Tobago 99.1% 0.0 1.3 OLADE (1997) Uruguay 95.4% 0.2 3.3 US Commercial Service (2005) Venezuela 98.6% 0.4 26.1 ECLAC (2003) Other Latin America 87.3% 0.4 2.9 IEA estimate Lantin America 90.0% 44.9 404.3PDF Image | Energy and Development in South America
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