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72 | DAVID MARES But the marketplace does not meet demand; it meets effective demand,1 and many people in Latin America do not have effective demand for energy. Thanks to democracy in its various forms across the region, those without effective market demand have effective political demand. Thus, it comes as no surprise that the region’s energy exporters are seeking to rapidly and dramatically increase access to the benefits of energy (power, employment, social welfare, and wealth). Market relationships as a result need to adjust. Who will pay the cost of delivering access to the benefits of energy to disadvan- taged social sectors? Do consumers in Latin America’s importing countries foot the bill via ever higher prices? This increases the likelihood that importing countries will substitute energy sources and diversify their energy matrix, thereby diminish- ing the long-term wealth to be generated from the exporting country’s energy sup- plies. Or do the resources for improving access come from a reassessment of the budget priorities of the exporting country, which in turn means that some domes- tic programs and sectors will see their relative share of the budget decline? Put sim- ply, the question is whether the resources to expand market access to disadvantaged sectors will come from selling energy to neighboring countries at a higher price, or whether the resources will come from the national government using money from its own treasury—wealth that has been earned through energy exports—for domes- tic investment. The answers are neither easy nor self-evident. NOTES 1. Effective demand refers to the idea that one must have money or other assets (purchasing power) or some product to sell in order to make demand effective. [Ed.] Author Biographies CYNTHIA J. ARNSON is Director of the Latin American Program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Her most recent work has focused on the ‘New Left’ and democratic governance in the hemisphere and on efforts to bring about negotiated settlements to internal armed conflicts in Latin America. She is editor of Comparative Peace Processes in Latin America (Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Stanford University Press, 1999), co-editor (with I. William Zartman) of Rethinking the Economics of War: The Intersection of Need, Creed, and Greed (Woodrow Wilson Center Press and The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), and author of several recent book chapters on Colombia. Arnson is a member of the editorial advisory board of Foreign Affairs Latinoamérica and of the advisory board of Human Rights Watch (HRW)/Americas. She holds an M.A. and Ph.D. in international relations from The Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. ROSEANNE FRANCO is an analyst in PFC Energy’s Country Strategies Group, covering Latin America for the Petroleum Risk Manager Service, which assesses non-technical risks for regional, country and project level investments in inter- national oil and gas. Ms. Franco also writes for the Market Intelligence Service (MIS) and is part of the firm’s Latin America consultancy practice. Previously, she worked at the Economic Policy Institute (EPI) where she researched Mexican views on NAFTA and authored a report on microfinance and proper- ty rights for the Chilean Chamber of Deputies. Ms. Franco holds a B.A. in Economics and Government from the University of Texas at Austin, and an M.S. from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. CLAUDIO FUENTES is Director of FLACSO-Chile. Between 1990 and 1991 he was executive advisor for President Patricio Aylwin, and later worked as a research assistant for FLACSO-Chile and editor for the journal Fuerzas ArmadasPDF Image | Energy and Development in South America
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