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Insights for Policy Makers Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored energy can be used at a later time for heating and cooling applications and power generation. TES systems are used particularly in buildings and industrial processes. In these applications, approximately half of the energy consumed is in the form of thermal energy, the demand for which may vary during any given day and from one day to next. Therefore, TES systems can help balance energy demand and supply on a daily, weekly and even seasonal basis. They can also reduce peak demand, energy con- sumption, CO2 emissions and costs, while increasing overall efficiency of energy systems. Furthermore, the conversion and storage of variable renewable energy in the form of thermal energy can also help increase the share of renewables in the energy mix. TES is becoming particularly important for electricity storage in combination with concentrating solar power (CSP) plants where solar heat can be stored for electricity production when sunlight is not available. There are three kinds of TES systems, namely: 1) sensible heat storage that is based on storing thermal energy by heating or cooling a liquid or solid storage medium (e.g. water, sand, molten salts, rocks), with water being the cheapest option; 2) latent heat storage using phase change materials or PCMs (e.g. from a solid state into a liquid state); and 3) thermo-chemical storage (TCS) using chemical reac- tions to store and release thermal energy. Sensible heat storage is relatively inexpensive compared to PCM and TCS systems and is applicable to domestic systems, district heating and industrial needs. How- ever, in general sensible heat storage requires large volumes because of its low energy density (i.e. three and five times lower than that of PCM and TCS systems, respectively). Furthermore, sensible heat storage systems require proper design to discharge thermal energy at constant temperatures. Several developers in Ger- many, Slovenia, Japan, Russia and the Netherlands are working on new materials and techniques for all TES systems, including their integration into building walls (e.g. by encapsulating phase change materials into plaster or air vents) and trans- portation of thermal energy from one place to another. These new applications are just now being commercialised, and their cost, performance and reliability need to be verified. Thermal energy storage systems can be either centralised or distributed systems. Centralised applications can be used in district heating or cooling systems, large industrial plants, combined heat and power plants, or in renewable power plants (e.g. CSP plants). Distributed systems are mostly applied in domestic or commer- Thermal Energy Storage | Technology Brief 1PDF Image | ENERGY TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
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