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Highlights Process and Technology Status – Thermal energy storage (TES) includes a number of different technologies. Thermal energy can be stored at tempera- tures from -40°C to more than 400°C as sensible heat, latent heat and chemi- cal energy (i.e. thermo-chemical energy storage) using chemical reactions. Thermal energy storage in the form of sensible heat is based on the specific heat of a storage medium, which is usually kept in storage tanks with high thermal insulation. The most popular and commercial heat storage medium is water, which has a number of residential and industrial applications. Under- ground storage of sensible heat in both liquid and solid media is also used for typically large-scale applications. However, TES systems based on sensible heat storage offer a storage capacity that is limited by the specific heat of the storage medium. Phase change materials (PCMs) can offer a higher storage capacity that is associated with the latent heat of the phase change. PCMs also enable a target-oriented discharging temperature that is set by the constant temperature of the phase change. Thermo-chemical storage (TCS) can offer even higher storage capacities. Thermo-chemical reactions (e.g. adsorption or the adhesion of a substance to the surface of another solid or liquid) can be used to accumulate and discharge heat and cold on demand (also regulating humidity) in a variety of applications using different chemical reactants. At present, TES systems based on sensible heat are commercially available while TCS and PCM-based storage systems are mostly under devel- opment and demonstration. Performance and Costs – Thermal energy storage includes a number of dif- ferent technologies, each one with its own specific performance, application and cost. TES systems based on sensible heat storage offer a storage capac- ity ranging from 10-50 kWh/t and storage efficiencies between 50-90%, depending on the specific heat of the storage medium and thermal insulation technologies. Phase change materials (PCMs) can offer higher storage capac- ity and storage efficiencies from 75-90%. In most cases, storage is based on a solid/liquid phase change with energy densities on the order of 100 kWh/ m3 (e.g. ice). Thermo-chemical storage (TCS) systems can reach storage ca- pacities of up to 250 kWh/t with operation temperatures of more than 300°C and efficiencies from 75% to nearly 100%. The cost of a complete system for sensible heat storage ranges between €0.1-10/kWh, depending on the size, application and thermal insulation technology. The costs for PCM and TCS systems are in general higher. In these systems, major costs are associated with the heat (and mass) transfer technology, which has to be installed to achieve a sufficient charging/discharging power. Costs of latent heat stor- age systems based on PCMs range between €10-50/kWh while TCS costs Thermal Energy Storage | Technology Brief 3PDF Image | ENERGY TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
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