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Process and Technology Status Energy storage systems are designed to accumulate energy when production ex- ceeds demand and to make it available at the user’s request. They can help match energy supply and demand, exploit the variable production of renewable energy sources (e.g. solar and wind), increase the overall efficiency of the energy system and reduce CO2 emissions. This brief deals primarily with heat storage systems or thermal energy storage (TES). An energy storage system can be described in terms of the following properties: ● Capacity: defines the energy stored in the system and depends on the stor- age process, the medium and the size of the system; ● Power: defines how fast the energy stored in the system can be discharged (and charged); ● Efficiency: is the ratio of the energy provided to the user to the energy needed to charge the storage system. It accounts for the energy loss during the storage period and the charging/discharging cycle; ● Storage period: defines how long the energy is stored and lasts hours to months (i.e. hours, days, weeks and months for seasonal storage); ● Charge and discharge time: defines how much time is needed to charge/ discharge the system; and ● Cost: refers to either capacity (€/kWh) or power (€/kW) of the storage system and depends on the capital and operation costs of the storage equip- ment and its lifetime (i.e. the number of cycles). Capacity, power and discharge time are interdependent variables and in some storage systems, capacity and power can also depend on each other. For example, in TES systems, high power means enhanced heat transfer (e.g. additional fins in the heat exchanger), which, for a given volume, reduce the amount of active stor- age material and thereby the capacity. Thermal energy (i.e. heat and cold) can be stored as sensible heat in heat stor- age media, as latent heat associated with phase change materials (PCMs) or as thermo-chemical energy associated with chemical reactions (i.e. thermo-chemical storage) at operation temperatures ranging from -40°C to above 400°C. Typical figures for TES systems are shown in Table 1 [1], including capacity, power, effi- ciency, storage period and costs. Thermal Energy Storage | Technology Brief 5PDF Image | ENERGY TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
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