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applications deal with the storage of winter cold to be used for the cooling of large office buildings and industrial processes in the summer (Figure 2). A major prerequisite for this technology is the availability of suitable geological formations. Cavern storage and pit storage are based on large underground water reser- voirs created in the subsoil to serve as thermal energy storage systems. These storage options are technically feasible, but applications are limited because of the high investment costs. For high-temperature (i.e. above 100 °C) sensible heat storage, the technol- ogy of choice is based on the use of liquids (e.g. oil or molten salts, the latter for temperatures up to 550°C. See ETSAP E10). For very high temperatures, solid materials (e.g. ceramics, concrete) are also taken into consideration. However, most of such high-temperature-sensible TES options are still under development or demonstration. Phase Change Materials for TES – Sensible heat storage is relatively inexpen- sive, but its drawbacks are its low energy density and its variable discharging temperature [2]. These issues can be overcome by phase change materials (PCM)-based TES, which enables higher storage capacities and target- oriented discharging temperatures. The change of phase could be either a solid/liquid or a solid/solid process. Melting processes involve energy densi- ties on the order of 100 kWh/m3 (e.g. ice) compared to a typical 25 kWh/m3 for sensible heat storage options. Figure 3 compares the achievable storage capacity at a given temperature difference for a storage medium with and without phase change. Phase change materials can be used for both short-term (daily) and long- term (seasonal) energy storage, using a variety of techniques and materials. Table 2 shows some of the most relevant PCMs in different temperature ranges with their melting temperature, enthalpy and density. For example, the incorporation of micro-encapsulated PCM materials (e.g. paraffin wax) into gypsum walls or plaster can considerably increase the ther- mal mass and capacity of lightweight building walls. The micro-encapsulated PCMs cool and solidify by night and melt during the day, thus cooling the walls and reducing or avoiding the need for electric chillers (”passive cooling”, see Figure 4). Other applications for active cooling systems involve the use of macro-encapsulated salts that melt at an appropriate temperature. The PCM can be stored in the building’s air vent ducts and cold air can be delivered via large-area ceiling and floor ventilation systems. PCM slurries are a promising 8 Thermal Energy Storage | Technology BriefPDF Image | ENERGY TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
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