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technology. For example, ice-slurries or water-paraffin dispersions can be used for building or industrial cooling purposes. As slurries can be pumped, they can be used for either storing or distributing thermal energy. A number of R&D activities, most of them aimed at industrial applications, currently focus on high-temperature PCM (above 150°C). Thermal Energy Storage via Chemical Reactions – High energy density (i.e. 300 kWh/m3) TES systems can be achieved using chemical reactions (e.g. thermo-chemical storage, TCS) [2]. Thermo-chemical reactions, such as ad- sorption (i.e. adhesion of a substance to the surface of another solid or liquid), can be used to store heat and cold, as well as to control humidity. Typical applications involve adsorption of water vapour to silica-gel or zeolites (i.e. micro-porous crystalline alumino-silicates). Of special importance for use in hot/humid climates or confined spaces with high humidity are open sorption systems based on lithium-chloride to cool water and on zeolites to control humidity. Figure 5 shows an example of thermal energy storage by an adsorp- tion process (e.g. water vapour on zeolite): during charging, water molecules are desorbed from the inner surface of the adsorbent. The TES remains in this state until water molecules can be adsorbed by the adsorbent and the TES is discharged again. Table 3 shows some of the sorption materials that are currently under investigation [6]. Interesting fields of application include waste heat utilisation. In this context, TCSs are able to store thermal energy with high efficiency and to convert heat into cold (i.e. desiccant cooling) at the same time, which makes these systems very attractive. The high storage capacity of sorption processes also allows thermal energy transportation. Figure 6 shows a schematic view of such a system. For exam- ple, an ongoing demonstration project utilises waste heat from an incinera- tion plant to be used at an industrial drying process. The sorption TES (using zeolite/water) is charged at 150°C, transported over seven kilometers and dis- charged at 180°C. Dry and hot air during discharging are directly integrated into the drying process. The higher discharging temperature is made possible because the enthalpy of the humid air from drying is converted into a tem- perature lift by the adsorption of water vapour. A pilot storage in a standard freight container containing 13 tonnes of zeolite, with a storage capacity of up to three MWh and a charging power of 500 kW, is currently on the road. The economic analysis shows that applications of mobile storage systems with more than 200 storage cycles per year allow the system to run with a final cost of delivered heat of about €55/MWh. Of course, the distance between energy source and demand site, investment costs and energy capacity have a strong influence on the energy price [9]. 10 Thermal Energy Storage | Technology BriefPDF Image | ENERGY TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
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