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Table 4 – Most Interesting Chemical Reactions for Thermal Energy Storage [7, 8] Reaction Temp. °C En. density, kJ/kg Methane steam reforming CH4+H2O=CO+3H2 480-1195 6053 Ammonia dissociation 2NH3=N2+3H2 400-500 3940 Thermal dehydrogenation of metal hydrides MgH2=Mg+H2 250-500 3079 heat stor. 9000 H2 stor. Dehydration of metal hydroxides CA(OH)2=CAO+H2O 402-572 1415 Catalytic dissociation SO3=SO2+ 1⁄2O2 520-960 1235 Phase change material (PCM) storage and thermo-chemical storage (TCS) sys- tems are significantly more complex and expensive than the storage systems for sensible heat. In most cases (e.g. thermo-chemical reactors), they use enhanced heat and mass transfer technologies to achieve the required performance in terms of storage capacity and power, and the cost of the equipment is much higher than the cost for the storage material. In general, the cost of a PCM sys- tem ranges between €10-50 per kWh [12]. The cost of systems using expensive micro-encapsulated PCMs, which avoid the use of heat exchange surfaces, can be even higher. For example, the cost of complete plaster board (€17/kg) with micro-encapsulated paraffin to be used as a passive cooling device within building structures (e.g. gypsum boards) includes the price of paraffin (about €5/kg) and the micro-encapsulated material (€13/kg) [13]. The difference between the pure PCM and the complete TES system is even higher for active PCM installations. As an example, the costs of a calcium-chloride stor- age for the heat rejected from a thermally-driven absorption chiller includes [14] the cost of calcium-chloride, which is rather inexpensive (€0.3/kg) and the cost of a container, heat exchanger and other components that is around €65/kWh. Materials for thermo-chemical storage (TCS) are also expensive as they have to be prepared (e.g. pelletised or layered over supporting structures). Also expensive are the containers and the auxiliary TCS equipment for both heat and mass transfer during energy charging and discharging. TCS systems can be operated as either open systems (i.e. basically packed beds of pellets at ambient Thermal Energy Storage | Technology Brief 15PDF Image | ENERGY TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
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