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HEJZLARetal., AssessmentofGasCooledFastReactorwithIndirectSupercriticalCO2Cycle Table 1. Key SCO2 Cycle Parameters Design Parameter Basic Advanced Cycle Thermal Power (MWth) Thermal Efficiency (%) Net Efficiency (%)* Compressor Outlet Pressure (MPa) Pressure Ratio Heat Source Pressure Drop (kPa) Turbine Inlet Temperature (°C) Compressor Inlet Temperature (°C) Cooling Water Inlet Temperature (°C) Mass Flow Rate (kg/s) Recompressed Fraction Total Heat Exchanger Volume (m3) Turbine Efficiency (%) Main Compressor Efficiency (%) Recomp. Compressor Efficiency (%) 600 47.2 43.9 20 2.6 130 550 32 27 3246 0.41 120 94.2 91.1 90.5 600 51.3 47.8 20 2.6 130 650 32 27 3027 0.41 120 94.2 91.1 90.5 * Includes 2% generator losses and 1% mechanical losses per coupling, cooling water pumping power, 0.5% switchyard losses and 2% other system losses accounting for component cooling, coolant leakage, core bypass and heat losses. Table 2. Statepoints for Basic and Advanced SCO2 Cycles Basic design Advanced design Point PT PT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MPa 7.692 20.000 19.989 19.959 19.829 7.892 7.806 7.703 °C 32.00 60.91 157.26 391.94 550.00 435.45 167.29 69.47 MPa 7.692 20.000 19.989 19.948 19.818 7.919 7.804 7.702 °C 32.00 60.91 159.11 481.83 650.00 527.15 168.31 70.89 Table 3. Turbomachinery Parameters Turbine Main comp Rec. comp. Number of stages Pressure ratio* Efficiency (%)* Length (m) Max. tip diameter (m) Rated Flow Rate (kg/s) 4 2.5 94.2 0.71 1.2 3246 7 2.6 91.1 0.7 0.5 1915 8 2.6 90.5 0.4 0.9 1331 * Total to total values 3. PERFORMANCE POTENTIAL OF HELIUM COOLED GFR COUPLED TO SCO2 CYCLE An indirect cycle is penalized by lower efficiency due to its reduced turbine inlet temperature as a result of the temperature difference across the IHX and by the power consumption of the primary helium circulator, which for gas coolant is significant. An important consideration is the additional cost of the intermediate heat exchangers and circulators. Smaller IHX volumes are preferable with respect to their capital cost but exhibit higher temperature differe- nce and pressure drops. Higher temperature difference increases thermal stresses and wall temperatures reducing the allowable stress of the material. This leads to thicker walls and higher costs. Also, the high pressure drops increase the cost of the circulators. Clearly, this is a multiple- parameter problem, for which optimization is required for the best selection of the parameters for the primary system and IHX. The goal of the optimization is to minimize the capital cost of the plant on a $/kWe basis. For a given reactor power output, turbine inlet temperature and CO2 inlet temperature into the IHX obtained from the optimized SCO2 cycle per description in Section 2, the optimum parameters to be identified are: (1) reactor inlet and outlet temperatures and corresponding reactor mass flow rate, IHX dimensions and plant efficiency that accounts for the electricity consumption of primary system circulators (with assumed efficiency of 85%). Note that plant efficiency significantly affects specific capital cost because it determines electrical power output. 3.1 GFR Primary System Description The evaluation of the performance of the GFR in the indirect cycle arrangement was carried out on the 600MWth GFR design with low-pressure drop core, (plate-type core) developed at CEA. The primary system layout is shown in Figure 2, where the larger coaxial duct connects the reactor vessel with the IHX and the smaller coaxial duct connects the vessel with the shutdown/emergency cooling heat exchanger. More details on the GFR design, strategy for decay heat removal and reactor building layout are given in [16]. For the purpose of this study, primary loop geometry is important to determine pressure drop around the helium loop and thus the required circulator power. The helium loop consists of the IHX, helium circulator mounted on the bottom of the IHX (IHX and circulator are not shown), cold leg formed by the annular space in the coaxial duct, reactor vessel downcomer, lower plenum, distribution plate, bottom reflector, active core, top reflector, plenum above the core and hot leg (inner pipe in the coaxial duct), which connects the vessel with the IHX. The flow path is indicated by arrows on Figure 2. The key dimensions used in the analysis are summarized in Table 4. 112 NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL.38 NO.2 SPECIAL ISSUE ON ICAPP ‘05PDF Image | GAS COOLED FAST REACTOR WITH INDIRECT SUPERCRITICAL CO2
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