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Proceedings of the International Conference on NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY USE and International Course/EGEC Busiess Seminar on ORGANIZATION OF SUCCESSFUL DEVELEOPMENT OF A GEOTHERMAL PROJECT, K. Popovski, A.Vranovska, S. Popovska Vasilevska, Editors 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year Figure 3. Installed capacity for electricity production from 1975 up to end of 2007 (red) and forecast to 2010 (green) (Bertani, 2007). Geothermal utilisation is commonly divided into two categories, i.e. electricity production and direct application. Conven- tional electric power production is com- monly limited to fluid temperatures above 180°C, but considerably lower temperatu- res can be used with the application of binary fluids (outlet temperatures com- monly about 70°C). The ideal inlet tempe- ratures into buildings for space heating is about 80°C, but by application of larger radiators in houses/or the application of heat pumps or auxiliary boilers, thermal water with temperatures only a few deg- rees above the ambient temperature can be used beneficially. Geothermal resources have been iden- tified in some 90 countries and there are quantified records of geothermal utilisa- tion in 72 countries. Electricity is produced from geothermal energy in 24 countries. The top fifteen countries producing geo- thermal electricity and using geothermal energy directly in the world in 2005 (in GWh/yr) are listed in Table 1. It is of great interest to note that among the top fifteen countries producing geothermal electricity, there are ten developing countries. Among the top fifteen countries employing direct use of geothermal energy, there are six developing and transitional countries. China is on top of the list of countries on direct use (Table 1). Some 55% of the annual energy use of geothermal energy in China is for bathing and swimming, 14% for conventional district heating, and 14% for geo-thermal heat pumps used for space heating. Electricity generation Figure 6 shows the top fourteen coun- tries with the highest % share of geo- thermal energy in their national electricity production. Special attention is drawn to the fact that El Salvador, Costa Rica and Nicaragua are among the six top countries, and Guatemala is in eleventh place. Central America is one of the world ́s richest regions in geothermal resources. Geothermal power stations provide about 12% of the total electricity generation of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua, according to data provided by the countries for the World Geothermal Congress in 2005. The geothermal poten- tial for electricity generation in Central America has been estimated to be some 4,000 MWe (Lippmann 2002). Only a small portion of the geothermal resources in the region has been harnessed so far 2PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: AN OVERVIEW ON RESOURCES AND POTENTIAL
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