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Session 1 GEOTHERMALL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION: POSSIBILITIES, TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN REGION Ruggero Bertani: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: AN OVERVIEW ON RESOURCES AND POTENTIAL (under 500 MWe). The electricity gene- replacing electricity generated by imported rated in the geothermal fields is in all cases oil. Table 1. Top fifteen countries utilising geothermal energy in 2005. Data on electricity from Bertani (2005) and on direct use from Lund et al. (2005). Geothermal electricity production GWh/yr Geothermal direct use GWh/yr USA Philippines Mexico Indonesia Italy Japan New Zealand Iceland Costa Rica Kenya El Salvador Nicaragua Guatemala Turkey Guadeloupe (France) 17,917 9,253 6,282 6,085 5,340 3,467 2,774 1,483 1,145 1,088 967 271 212 105 102 China Sweden USA Turkey Iceland Japan Hungary Italy New Zealand Brazil Georgia Russia France Denmark Switzerland 12,605 10,000 8,678 6,900 6,806 2,862 2,206 2,098 1,968 1,840 1,752 1,707 1,443 1,222 1,175 This clearly demonstrates how signify- cant geothermal energy can be in the el- ectricity production of countries and regi- ons rich in high-temperature fields which are associated with volcanic activity. Kenya is the first country in Africa to utilise its rich geothermal resources and can in the foreseeable future produce most of its electricity with hydropower and geothermal energy. Several other countries in the East African Rift Valley may follow suit. Indonesia is probably the world ́s richest country in geothermal resources and can in the future replace a conside- rable part of its fossil fuelled electricity by geothermal energy (see figure 4). Direct utilisation The main types of direct applications of geothermal energy are space heating 52% (thereof 32% using heat pumps), bathing and swimming (including balneo- logy) 30%, horticulture (greenhouses and soil heating) 8%, industry 4%, and aqua- culture (mainly fish farming) 4%. Figure 5 shows the direct applications of geother- mal energy worldwide by percentage of total energy use. The main growth in the direct use sector has during the last decade been the use of geothermal (ground-source) heat pumps. This is due, in part, to the ability of geothermal heat pumps to utilise ground-water or ground-coupled temperatures anywhere in the world. 3PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: AN OVERVIEW ON RESOURCES AND POTENTIAL
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