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Session 1 GEOTHERMALL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION: POSSIBILITIES, TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN REGION Ruggero Bertani: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: AN OVERVIEW ON RESOURCES AND POTENTIAL tion of heat pumps for space heating. According to data from the Geothermal China Energy Society in February 2007, space heating with ground source heat pumps expanded from 8 million m2 in 2004 to 20 million m2 in 2006, and to 30 million m2 in 2007. Conventional geother- mal space heating in the country had grown from 13 million m2 in 2004 to 17 million m2 in 2006. The numbers reflect the policy of the Chinese government to replace fossil fuels where possible with clean, renewable energy. The “Law of Renewable Energy of China” came into implementation in 2006. TJ/year 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Other Canada Germany Switzerland Norway Denmark China USA Sweden 87,503 14,617 23,275 1995 2000 2005 Figure 7. Worldwide growth of ground source heat pump applications and the leading GHP countries (Lund et al., 2005). GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES Geothermal energy, in the broadest sense, is the natural heat of the Earth. Immense amounts of thermal energy are generated and stored in the Earth's core, mantle and crust. At the base of the conti- nental crust, temperatures are believed to range from 200 to 1,000°C, and at the centre of the earth the temperatures may be in the range of 3,500 to 4,500°C. The heat is transferred from the interior towards the surface mostly by conduction, and this conductive heat flow makes temperature rise with increasing depth in the crust on average 25-30°C/km. Geothermal produc- tion wells are commonly more than 2 km deep, but rarely much more than 3 km at present. With an average thermal gradient of 25-30°C/km, a 1 km well in dry rock formations would have a bottom tempera- ture near 40°C in many parts of the world (assuming a mean annual air temperature of 15°C) and a 3 km well 90-100°C. The total heat content of the Earth is of the order of 12.6 x 1024 MJ, and that of the crust the order of 5.4 x 1021 MJ (Dickson and Fanelli, 2003 and 2004). This huge number should be compared to the world electricity generation in 2005, 6.6 x 1013 MJ. The thermal energy of the Earth is therefore immense, but only a fraction can be utilised. So far our utilisation of this energy has been limited to areas in which geological conditions permit a carrier (water in the liquid or vapour phases) to "transfer" the heat from deep hot zones to or near the surface, thus giving rise to geothermal resources. Geothermal energy have been conside- red exploitable, until recently, only in areas where the fluid is found at depths less than 4 km with temperature above 180°C. This has changed in the last two decades with the development of power 7PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: AN OVERVIEW ON RESOURCES AND POTENTIAL
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