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Proceedings of the International Conference on NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY USE and International Course/EGEC Busiess Seminar on ORGANIZATION OF SUCCESSFUL DEVELEOPMENT OF A GEOTHERMAL PROJECT, K. Popovski, A.Vranovska, S. Popovska Vasilevska, Editors • improving exploration methods for deep geothermal resources • improving drilling and reservoir assessment technology • defining new targets and new tools for reaching supercritical fluid systems, espe- cially high-temperature down-hole tools and instruments A recent publication (Tester et al., 2006) determined a large potential for the USA: recoverable resources > 200,000 EJ, corresponding to 2,000 times the annual primary energy demand. An EGS power generation capacity of >100,000 MWe could be established by the year 2050 with an investment volume of 0.8 - 1 billion USD. The report presents marketable electricity prices, based on economic models that need to be substantiated by EGS realisations. The original idea calls for general ap- plicability, since the temperature increases with depth everywhere. But still a number of basic problems need to be solved for the realisation of EGS systems, mainly that the techniques need to be developed for creating, characterising, and operating the deep fracture system (by some means of remote sensing and control) that can be tailored to site-specific subsurface condi- tions. Some environmental issues like the chance of triggering seismicity also need detailed investigation. There are several places where targeted EGS demonstration is underway: Australia can claim a large-scale activity, through several stock market-registered enterpri- ses (e.g. Geodynamics, Petratherm, Green Rock Energy, Geothermal Resources, Tor- rens Energy, and Eden Energy). A real boom can be observed: with 19 companies active in 140 leases (a total of 67,000 km2 in four states), with an investment volume of 650 million USD. The project deve- lopers plan to establish the first power plants (with a few MWe capacity) in the coming years (Beardsmore, 2007). The EU project “EGS Pilot Plant” in Soultz-sous- Forêts/France (started in 1987), has or- dered a power plant (1.5 MWe) to utilise the enchanced fracture permeability at 200°C (low fracture permeability was en- hanced). In Landau Germany, the first EGS-plant with 2.5 to 2.9 MWe went into operation in fall 2007 (Baumgärtner, 2007). Another approach is made for deep sediments in the in situ geothermal labo- ratory in Groß Schönebeck using two research wells (Huenges et al., 2007). One of the main future demonstration goals in EGS will be to see whether and how the power plant size could be upscaled to several tens of MWe. The U.S. plans to include an R&D component as part of a revived EGS program (figure 17). EGS plants, once operational, can be expected to have great environmental benefits (CO2 emissions zero). The poten- tial impact of EGS in the future, and also the environmental benefits like avoiding additional CO2 emission, cannot yet be satisfactorily quantified. To achieve high levels of CO2 emis- sions reduction using renewables, it will be necessary to have large sources of carbon- free, base load electricity that are dis- patchable on a wide scale in both deve- loped and developing countries. Geother- mal is a proven technology for providing highly reliable base load electricity with capacity factors above 90% for many of the hydrothermal plants in operation today. Widespread deployment of geothermal would have a very positive impact on our energy security, on our environment, and on global economic health. However, the- re is an inherent limitation on a global scale in that the world’s high grade hydrothermal systems are too localized and relatively small in number. Through EGS approach, it could be possible for geothermal energy to achieve high levels of CO2 reduction or offset by exploiting the massive resource characterized by high temperature but low permeability and lack of natural fluid circulation. 14PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: AN OVERVIEW ON RESOURCES AND POTENTIAL
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