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I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ANNEX SUMMARIES Summaries of the GIA Annexes, including those in draft form and one now closed, are presented here. Detailed discussions of objectives, results and work planned for 2005 are provided for the five active Annexes as Annex Reports in Chapters 2-6. ANNEX I - Environmental Impacts of Geothermal Energy Development In order to expand the use of geothermal energy, possible environmental effects need to be clearly identified and methods devised and adopted to avoid or minimize their impacts. The main activities of this Annex are directed toward these issues and divided into four subtasks: to investigate the impacts of development on natural features; to study the problems associated with discharge and reinjection of geothermal fluids; to examine methods of impact mitigation and produce an environmental manual; and to examine the occurrence of significant induced seismic events in conjunction with EGS reservoir development or subsequent extraction of heat from underground (see Chapter 2). The last listed subtask, dealing with induced seismicity, is a new area of study initiated in October 2004. The work on this Annex began in 1997 and was extended by the ExCo in 2001 to continue through 2005. Highlights of 2004 Annex I Activities The second Special Issue of Geothermics containing seven articles describing Annex I work in New Zealand, the Philippines and Turkey was completed and submitted for publication. A new Subtask D was initiated, which investigates induced seismicity in enhanced geothermal systems, and a workshop was organized for January 2005. A collaborative study among Iceland, Italy and New Zealand was begun to study natural CO2 emission. Mitigation policy recommendations were developed for future optimum operation of geothermal resources. Many of the Annex results have been presented at international conferences, and several scientific papers describing these results are in press or have been published. The Operating Agent for this Annex is the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Limited (IGNS), New Zealand. Chris Bromley (IGNS, Wairakei) is the Task Leader. ANNEX II - Shallow Geothermal Resources The GIA ExCo made the decision in October 2000 to close this Annex after it reached the draft stage. Its major topic, which was associated with the application of geothermal heat pumps, is now included in Annex VIII- Direct Use of Geothermal Energy, which was initiated in September 2003. ANNEX III - Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) The objective of this Annex is to investigate new and improved technologies that can be used to artificially stimulate a geothermal resource to allow commercial heat extraction (see Chapter 3 for details). The work in this Annex is divided into four subtasks: to review the use and/or modification of conventional geothermal technology for the development of enhanced geothermal systems; to collect information necessary for decision making, design and the realization of a commercial EGS energy producing plant; to review and evaluate geochemical and modelling techniques for determining reservoir characteristics; and to conduct field studies of EGS reservoir development and performance with the intent of understanding reservoir behaviour and the sustainability of energy recovery. The last subtask was approved in October, with work currently being planned. A fifth subtask, to evaluate the IEA Geothermal R&T Annual Report 2004.doc 5PDF Image | Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004
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