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designed for automated operation and instrumented for measurement of fluid temperature, flow, and pressure at numerous points in the loop (Ponden 1992). Initial Flow Testing of the Present Fenton Hill HDR Reservoir. After several preliminary experiments, a 30-day, closed-loop flow test of the Phase II HDR reservoir was carried out in mid-1986 (Dash 1989). This test was run at two injection pressures, 26.9 and 31 MPa. Pumping rates at these two pressures were typically 10.6 and 18.6 l/s respectively. While about 40 microearthquakes were detected during the lower pressure part of the test, several hundred microseismic events were observed when the pressure was raised to the higher level. These microearthquakes occurred almost exclusively on the side of the reservoir away from the production well. In other words, reservoir growth appeared to take place in that portion of the reservoir which was isolated from the pressure relief provided by the production wellbore. On the surface, the production side of the loop was maintained at a pressure of about 3.4 MPa to prevent boiling of the superheated water or escape of the gases (principally carbon dioxide) dissolved in the circulating fluid. This initial test was of short duration, and was run with improvised surface equipment. In addition, the flow was interrupted a number of times during the 30-day test period. While this test did not generate data that could be used to demonstrate the routine operation of an HDR reservoir because steady-state operating conditions were never definitively established, it did show that the two wellbores penetrating the reservoir were well-connected and that energy could be produced at significant rates. STEADY-STATE PRODUCTION TESTING AT FENTON HILL Goals and Design. A series of flow tests of the Phase II HDR reservoir was conducted between 1992 and 1995. During 1992-1993 a long-term flow test (LTFT) program was carried out to demonstrate that the Phase II HDR reservoir at Fenton Hill and, by implication, HDR reservoirs in general could be operated on a continuous basis to produce useful amounts of energy over extended periods of time. The LTFT was designed to obtain information about the expected thermal lifetime of the Fenton Hill HDR reservoir, water consumption, operating and maintenance costs, and the geophysical, geochemical and environmental effects of long-term operation of an HDR system. As a result of intensive discussions with the HDR Program Industrial Advisory Group, the LTFT was conducted under conditions simulating as closely as possible the operation of a commercial HDR power plant. The pressure under which water was pumped into the injection wellbore was adjusted to the highest level that could be maintained without leading to expansion of the reservoir volume, as indicated by the onset of microseismic activity and an increased rate of water consumption. Experience had shown that for the Fenton Hill reservoir this pressure was just under 27.6 MPa At the end of the LTFT, special flow testing was continued for several additional weeks to investigate techniques to improve the productivity of the HDR reservoir (Brown 1993). The reservoir was then placed on standby status for two years. In May 1995, circulation through the reservoir was resumed in the form of reservoir verification testing. The purpose of the 1995 flow testing program was to ascertain the condition of the HDR reservoir after two years of dormancy, to demonstrate that the steady-state operating conditions of the LTFT test period could be re-established, and to further explore methods for 7PDF Image | Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development in the USA
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