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maximizing the productivity of the system at Fenton Hill After the close of the steady-state phase of testing in 1995, a cyclic flow-test experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of HDR reservoirs to produce baseline energy at baseload rates that could be rapidly increased to meet changing demand This form of energy production can be referred to as load-following. Steady-State Test Operations. During the LTFT and all subsequent testing, water was generally injected in the reservoir at a surface pressure of 26.6 MPa. A backpressure of 9.65 MPa was typically maintained on the production wellhead in order to prop open, by means of this imposed pressure, the fluid-carrying joints in the relatively low-pressure region of the reservoir immediately adjacent to the production wellbore. The system pressure was reduced to about 4.8 Mpa at the outlet of the production wellhead, and this pressure was maintained until the water was returned to the injection pump for repressurization and reinjection into the reservoir. The plant was computer-controlled, with fluid circulation maintained 24 hours a day under these constant operating conditions. For much of the test period, the facility was manned only during daylight hours. On a number of occasions, usually as a result of power failures caused by local weather conditions, the plant went into an automatic shutdown mode. The plant was then re-started either by an operator called in especially for that purpose or when the operating staff routinely arrived the next morning. Important system parameters such as pressure, temperature, and flow rate were monitored continuously. Measurements of the geochemistry of the circulating fluid were made several times a week. Finally, diagnostic procedures such as production-well temperature logging and tracer analyses were implemented every few weeks or at critical junctures in the flow-testing program Continuous operation of the LTFT began on April 8, 1992, and proceeded with only minor interruptions for 112 days. Catastrophic failures of both reciprocal injection pumps within a two- day period forced suspension of testing on July 31. Although the pump failures were not related to HDR technology, the ensuing lapse in testing while suitable replacement pumping capacity was being evaluated, procured, and installed, was a serious setback to the LTFT effort. By mid- February 1993, a replacement pump was in place at Fenton Hill and a second continuous phase of flow testing was begun. The new pump was a leased centrifugal unit powered by electricity. Once the appropriate modifications to the electric power supply at the site had been implemented, it proved to be highly reliable. The second continuous test period ran for 55 days until mid-April 1993, when the available funding was exhausted. The two steady-state periods of the LTFT were subsequently designated LTFT Phase 1 and LTFT Phase 2, respectively. As mentioned above, the HDR system at Fenton Hill was shut in for two years upon the termination of flow testing in May 1993. In May 1995, operations were resumed using a new pump of centrifugal design built especially for the project by REDA Pump Company of Bartlesville, OK. The operational control pressures in effect during the LTFT were emulated in the first 65 days of the reservoir verification testing program of 1995. Steady-State Flow Test Results Counting periods of intermittent testing and special flow testing as well as the 3 steady-state test periods, Water was circulated through the large HDR reservoir for a total of about 11 months during the period extending from April 1992 thorough July 1995 Results from the three significant periods of steady-state circulation are summarized in Table 1. 8PDF Image | Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development in the USA
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