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Table 1. STEADY-STATE FLOW TEST DATA Test Period Continuous Flow Period*, Days Typical** Fluid Production Rate, l/s Typical** Fluid Production Temp., °C Water Loss Data Loss as % of Injected Volume After a Continuous Flow Period of — Mo. And a Continuous Pressurization Period of — Mo. Apr - July 1992 112 5.68 183 12 3.5 6 Feb. - Apr 1993 56 5.86 184 7 1.5 15 May - July 1995 65 6.57 185 14 1.25 2 *Continuous Flow means production more than 95% of time period. **Except at start up, production flow rates and temperatures were within 5% of indicated typical value. The data of Table 1 show typical values for the test periods represented in each column, and provide important insights into the operation of HDR energy extraction systems. First and perhaps foremost, the production temperatures of the circulating fluid remained consistently in the same range during all the flow testing. The small temperature variations among the data shown in the table closely correlate with differences in flow rates, and can be attributed to varying rates of energy loss to the rock surrounding the production wellbore as the fluid traveled the 3-km distance up the production wellbore from the reservoir to the surface. Logging data collected on a number of occasions showed essentially no change in the temperature of the fluid at the point where it entered the cased portion of the production wellbore. Water loss data also showed consistent trends. High reservoir pressures were maintained over the span of the LTFT, including the interim period between the two steady-state phases of the test. As a consequence, water losses continually declined as the pressurization of the micro cracks in the rock at the periphery of the reservoir proceeded. By increasing the level of fluid pressurization in these microcracks, the pressure gradient to the far-field was slowly decreased, gradually reducing the outflow of fluid from the boundaries of the reservoir. Near the close of the LTFT in the spring of 1993, as shown in Table 1, the reservoir water loss had decreased to 7% of the injected volume, from an earlier value of 12%. The reservoir verification flow testing of 1995 was initiated after a period of two years during which the reservoir pressure had been allowed to decay to a relatively low level of 10 MPa, and had then been maintained at this level by intermittent injection. During that two-year period, water flowed back into the reservoir from the overpressured region in the surrounding rock. Thus, at the start of the 1995 flow test, the reservoir and surrounding rock conditions were similar to those at the start of the LTFT in 1992 If the reservoir verification testing had been continued for an extended period of time, the water losses would have undoubtedly declined to the levels observed during the LTFT In all the cases illustrated, the injection pressure and the production-wellhead backpressure were the primary control points. The injection and production flow rates, which are direct functions of these applied pressures, were stable during the two phases of the LTFT in spite of the fact that these test periods were separated by a six-month period of low-flow, sporadic circulation. The flow rates observed upon the resumption of testing in 1995 indicated that some residual effects of a sudden flow-increase event that occurred during post LTFT testing in 1993 (Brown, 9PDF Image | Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development in the USA
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