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provide almost immediate benefits to the geothermal industry. During more than 20 years of work on HDR, unique capabilities in drilling, hydraulic fracturing, fracture location and characterization, reservoir engineering, logging tool design and application, reservoir development, and reservoir modeling have been put in place. In some instances, especially in areas such as drilling- and logging-tool innovations, significant technology transfer has occurred via the service companies that have at times been involved in the HDR project. However, in other areas such as reservoir engineering, fracture mapping and characterization, reservoir modeling, and reservoir development, there has as yet been little effective technology transfer to the hydrothermal industry One aspect of a restructured HDR program might therefore be the formation of industry- coupled projects to apply HDR reservoir mapping and fracture location techniques to the identification and location of fluid-conductive fractures in hydrothermal fields. The information thereby generated could reduce the incidence of drilling "dry holes" and thereby markedly lessen field development costs. A second joint project might entail applying HDR expertise in injection and stimulation to make existing dry holes at hydrothermal sites productive and/or to develop engineered reinjection plans that would ensure that reinjected fluid (or supplementary injected fluid such as that to be delivered via the Geysers/Clearlake pipeline) is most effectively utilized to enhance energy production. Yet a third application of HDR technology might involve the application of HDR reservoir models to hydrothermal situations, particularly those concerned with reinjection or pressure maintenance and fluid production problems, in order to better understand how to limit declines in hydrothermal reservoir productivity. The project areas described above are presented from an HDR perspective. Undoubtedly, industry engineers and scientists could modify them to most effectively meet the current hydrothermal research and development needs. Obviously, any of these projects are worth pursuing only if they have the solid support of one or more industrial organizations and can potentially contribute to improving the technical competence and competitive status of the US geothermal industry. HDR Niche Development Projects. Cooperative projects which bring HDR technology to bear on hydrothermal problems will result in immediate useful applications of HDR technology, but this approach will not move geothermal energy toward the national stature needed to assure continued support from the federal government and the taxpaying public. In order to accomplish the latter goal, we must continue to pursue the development of HDR processes that can be implemented in those nonhydrothermal regions that underlay the vast majority of the US. With the closure of Fenton Hill, a highly visible effort to advance heat mining technology in its widest sense - as a means of tapping the ubiquitous HDR resource - becomes more important than ever. This effort must include a continued search for a new site that can provide opportunities for field work in an HDR environment. The knowledge base accumulated during field work at Fenton Hill can be applied to develop a new HDR site that may have practical as well as research and development applications. In view of the depressed price for electric power in the US, any such domestic HDR site must fit into either an especially attractive electricity niche (due to advantageous resource characteristics or local economic factors that lead to high electricity prices) or be located where there is an opportunity for a direct use application of the HDR energy. Direct use opportunities should be carefully evaluated and developed, as appropriate, in cooperation with private industry as well as state and local government entities that may have an interest in energy or economic development. Given the 18PDF Image | Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development in the USA
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