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of the total volume in the water storage tower. The “secondary” water inflow refills or recharges the storage tower, the basis for the ‘fluid derived water column potential energy’ and as an energy input. 3.4: It is to be understood the concepts of the renewable energy source expressed as the energy input as derived water column potential energy; versus the energy output out of the energy boundary; that is further expressed as energy mass balance. 3.4.1: In hydro-dam scheme, the renewable energy input: is the volume of water mass in-flow into storage dam. Where the hydrostatic potential energy is expressed as: PE1 = Volume(m3) x density of water x gravitational force(m/ss) x Pressure head(m) = Nm or Joules of energy. OR it can also be expressed as: PE1 = Volume(m3) x Pressure(N/m2) = Nm or Joules of energy. Pressure expressed here as: N/m2 [kN/m2] or Pascal(Pa) [kPa] per meter of water column. It must be stated that: PE1 is equal specifically to volume of water body in-flow; of which in reality its energy boundary rests on top of the boundary of volume of water body retained in the dam prior the “secondary” water in-flow. The retained volume of water body here is expressed as PE0; therefore the total Potential Energy available in the storage dam is: PE0 + PE1 = PE2 as the potential energy available for conversion into electrical energy. The Energy Mass Balance is therefore expressed as: PE0 + PE1 = PE2 - conversion losses experienced in the turbine and generator (and other losses including power losses due to transmission). It must be understood that: the Energy-Input as the renewable energy source continuous cycle in this scenario expressed as: PE1 = PE2 - PE0; or PE1 has less potential energy value compared to PE2; and that the Energy-Output potential energy is higher to the potential energy value in PE1. On prima-facie basis therefore it is obvious from the Energy Mass Balance shows: Energy-Input has much less potential energy value, than the Energy-Output. It is therefore must be understood that the secondary water in-flow into the storage dam denotes as “PE1” is reformed into water column of the retained water volume, with the total potential energy (TPE) is the sum of PE1 + PE0. In other words “PE1” is a derived water column total potential energy; being due to secondary volume of water body molecules attracts under gravitational force into the retained volume of water body in the storage dam, herewith expressed as organic water column. However, in the event water retention in the dam does not exist, the Potential Energy available for conversion into electrical energy will be solely the value of: PE1. In this case: Energy Input = PE1 = Energy Output (PE2) - Energy Losses. Or: PE1 = PE2 - conversion losses. The Potential Energy available for conversion into electrical energy expressed previously as the Energy- Output is: PE = Q(flow-rate:m3/s) [of PE1] x Gravity(m/ss) x Head Pressure(m) [total of PE0+PE1] = KJ/s = kW in electrical energy. Noting that the Q(flow-rate:m3/s) expressed above represents at least as tens of thousands tons to be depleted as the primary source for conversion into electrical energy. 3.4.2: In Hydrodynamic-Cycle process the renewable energy input: is fresh water or ocean water in-flow to make-up the water-loss from the water storage tower (due to leakage and evaporation/condensation; but not due to water mass depletion); and the spent working fluid recycles reformed into water column. In other words as a fluid recycles derived water column potential energy (FDPE). The working fluid volume from each work-cycle is relatively small representing only 1.5% [or 1.3m3] out of the total water volume in the water storage tower [at 78m3]; and this represents the continuous potential energy renewable energy source or Energy-Input in Hydrodynamic-Cycle process. Therefore it must be understood that the water in-flow: from fresh water source or ocean for make-up, and the working fluid re-cycle into the water storage tower has the water body molecules attracts under gravitational force onto the retained volume of water body in the water storage tower, herewith expressed as organic water column. The water in-flow described is the renewable energy source or Energy-Input. If the water in-flows potential energy herewith expressed as: PE1H = Volume(m3) x density of water x gravitational force(m/ss) x Head Pressure(m) = Nm or Joules of energy. The boundary of volume water body potential energy presence is: PE0H = Volume(m3) x Total Head Pressure(N/m2) = Nm or Joules of energy, as Total Potential Energy (TPE). The total Potential Energy available for a specific work- cycle from the water storage tower as a result of water in-flows is: PE2H = PE1H + PE0H. It is to be understood that in this instance the Energy- Input being expressed as PE1H is miniscule compared to the Potential Energy available for conversion into electrical energy; as the case is PE1H reformed into PE1H + PE0H being the value of PE2H. In other words PE1H derived water column potential energy as PE2H. The Energy Mass Balance is therefore expressed as: PE0H + PE1H = PE2H - conversion losses experienced in the turbine and generator (other losses due to transmission is avoided as generator is located proximity to the load system). It must also be understood that: the Energy-Input as the James Kwok ; Hydrodynamic Power Technology. © Copyright Ing. 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