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• Reasons to consider and employ SWAC include: o the right thing to do both economically and environmentally o simple and abundant (essentially unlimited) o 75 to 90% energy savings (and similar emissions reduction) o reduction or elimination of CFC and other refrigerants o addresses global warming concerns o economical today at some locations • SWAC and Deep Lake Source Cooling applications include: o Cornell University, Ithaca, NY – 20,000 tons o Toronto, Ontario – 58,000 tons (under construction) o Halifax, Nova Scotia – 1,000 tons (very early system) o Sweden – urban systems using harbor water o NELHA, Big Island – 30 to 50 tons (plus numerous aquaculture and agriculture applications) o Tahiti – underway o Curacao – underway o Korea – underway • Toronto Lake Source Cooling o Combination system for District Cooling (DC) and municipal water supply o 58,000 ton ultimate cooling capacity o 3 x 63 inch diameter pipes, 4 miles long, ~80m deep o Lake water flows: from lake – to filtration system – to DC HX – to municipal water system. o DC system water flows in a closed loop: from DC HX – to chilled water plant (for additional cooling) – to DC users – back to DC HX. o 75% projected energy savings (30 million kWh/yr) o Similar savings in refrigerants, CO2, NOx, and SO2. • Relative to conventional AC systems, SWAC has a major increase in capital investment, but a dramatic reduction in energy costs. Total life cycle costs are significantly reduced with SWAC. • Ideal conditions for SWAC: o coastline near deep water o cooling customers near to shore o high annual cooling usage o high local electric costs o large systems (benefiting from economy-of-scale) o new construction • Required DC system operating temp impacts system design and cost: o Lower temps require deeper, longer, costlier pipes o High pipe cost dictates “preservation” of the minimum available temp o If necessary, conventional chillers can used in series with SWAC (as in Toronto) • SWAC system Delta T can be increased, improving economics, through secondary uses of the warmed (but still cool) seawater. 8PDF Image | Innovative Energy Systems Workshop
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