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• Other Benefits of SWAC o SWAC systems save 90% of cooling energy use o SWAC systems save 4,500 kWh/ton-yr (and 8.4 Bbl of imported oil per ton-yr) o These savings were extrapolated for each of the areas studied. o A 50,000 ton SWAC DC development (very practical for the Downtown- Kakaako-Waikiki area) yields energy and oil savings equivalent to 70,000 residential solar water heaters. o Significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and other air and water pollutants o Avoids use of harmful chemicals (refrigerants) in conventional cooling systems o Reduces water use and toxic chemicals associated with cooling towers • Secondary Uses of SWAC Effluent o Economical and environmental uses of effluent (still relatively cool at 55 to 57 oF) o Marine biotech industrial parks/facilities (cold water aquaculture) o Auxiliary cooling water for cooling systems, power plants, industrial facilities, etc. o Cooling of grounds, e.g. parks, golf courses (creating condensation and eliminating watering) o Discharge into brackish bodies of water, estuaries, canals, harbors, to improve water quality • Conclusions o SWAC is simple, technically and economically feasible today, inexhaustible, renewable, and has minimal environmental impacts (indeed a major net benefit versus the alternative). o SWAC systems have great potential in Hawaii, statewide. o Hawaii has an estimated SWAC potential of over 100,000 tons, more than 50,000 tons in the Waikiki-Kakaako-downtown Honolulu area. o Those primary areas are economically attractive, even under conservative base case assumptions, with levelized life cycle cooling costs 18% below conventional cooling costs. o Sensitivity analyses show cases with even better economics, in some cases with over 50% cost savings. Thus many of the non-priority SWAC areas in Hawaii may also be economical. o Thus, SWAC customers and developers/investors can reap economic benefits. o Other benefits include reductions to greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, harmful refrigerants, and cooling tower chemicals & water use. o Secondary uses of the 55 to 57 oF effluent are numerous, economically and environmentally beneficial, and can aid overall system economics. o The best system for Hawaii (and elsewhere) may be a hybrid SWAC-TES DC system, which would increase capacity factor of the piping, increase peak load served, and lower capital cost per ton served. o SWAC will significantly reduce peak utility demand and reduce cooling energy use by 80 to 90%. 15PDF Image | Innovative Energy Systems Workshop
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