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• Waste heat can be most efficiently recovered to produce electrical energy using the Kalina Cycle® o Areas of application Waste heat recovery in industry Gas compressor stations Iron & Steel industry Cement industry Chemical industry Incineration plants Diesel plants Hot brine heat recuperation Geothermal plants • Kalina Cycle® is better than the Rankine cycle because: o Ammonia/water working fluid o Vary the mixture of working fluid throughout the cycle o Captures more thermal energy for generating electricity o Higher level of recuperation o Result: More kilowatt hours of output per unit of fuel input or cycle heat input • Key advantages of the Kalina Cycle® o Structural process – no technical or component improvements required Improved heat transfer Improved recuperation Reliance on proven plant components o Exploitation of an additional degree of freedom Composition changes within the power cycle similar to refrigeration plants o Capital cost is less than Rankine cycle • Kalina Cycle®: Inherent advantages o Improved heat transfer from hot to cold streams Key: Mixture boils at a variable temperature Closer temperature profile between heat transfer streams means improved efficiency • Kalina Cycle® comparison o Geothermal heat acquisition comparison Kalina Cycle® vs. ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) The water/ammonia working fluid more closely replicates the thermal resource in a counter flow heat exchanger over isopentane and other organic working fluids • Kalina vs. ORC efficiency comparison o Kalina is 30-80% more efficient (higher efficiency at lower resource temperatures) • Thermodynamic relationships of the Kalina Cycle® are well-known and documented • The Kalina Cycle® components are well-known and off-the-shelf 21PDF Image | Innovative Energy Systems Workshop
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