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Rapport 2414173 - October 2007 __________________________________________________________________ 5. SAFETY GUIDELINES WHEN USING R744 IN HEAT PUMPS Section 2.1 provided some basic physical and thermodynamic data of R744 that were used as background information to understand the transcritical cycle operation. This Section will provide more information and safety guidelines regarding the practical use of this refrigerant. Annex 3 contains a Safety Data Sheet from a main R744 producer which should consulted for safety precautions for this refrigerant. Transcritical heat pumps are not fundamentally different from subcritical heat pumps. Hence all usual, basic safety precautions taken for the operation of conventional heat pumps equally apply to R744 heat pumps. Some additional rules will be introduced by the transcritical cycle distinct features, which are the higher operating pressures and temperatures, the specific control schemes and the use of R744 as a refrigerant. 5.1.R744 effects on health Gaseous R744 is colorless and odorless at low concentrations. It is not flammable. It is stable under normal conditions but can become dangerous if inhaled at concentrations roughly around 2%. Due to the fact that it is odorless, it is not self- alarming in case of leaks from systems. Table 4 summarizes the effects and symptoms related to R744 inhalation depending on its concentration in the air. Table 4 : Effects of R744 on human health Conc. in air Effects and Symptoms 2% 50% increase in breathing rate 3% 10 Minutes short term exposure limit; 100% increase in breathing rate 5% 300% increase in breathing rate, headache and sweating may begin after about an hour (Com.: this will tolerated by most persons, but it is physical burdening) 8% Short time exposure limit 8-10% Headache after 10 or 15 minutes. Dizziness, buzzing in the ears, blood pressure increase, high pulse rate, excitation, and nausea. 10-18% After a few minutes, cramps similar to epileptic fits, loss of consciousness, and shock (i.e.; a sharp drop in blood pressure) The victims recover very quickly in fresh air. 18-20% Symptoms similar those of a stroke Note that with a relative density of 1.53, R744 is heavier than air; thus, it tends to concentrate near the ground level when spilled. __________________________________________________________________________________________ SHERPHA PROJECT - Transcritical R744 Heat Pumps – Technician's Manual 37/62PDF Image | NATURAL REFRIGERANTS
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