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CONTENTS NOMENCLATURE................................................................................................................................................................... 10 1 2 3 4 5 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................ 11 S-CO2 COMPRESSION TEST LOOP SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 14 2.1 S-CO2 COMPRESSION TEST LOOP AND HARDWARE........................................................................................................ 14 2.2 S-CO2 HEATED BUT UN-RECUPERATED BRAYTON LOOP AND TURBOMACHINE ............................................................. 17 2.3 SUMMARY OF LOOP OPERATING CONDITIONS NEAR THE CRITICAL POINT .................................................................... 20 2.3.1 Thermodynamic cycle analysis of the compression loop...................................................................................... 22 S-CO2 TURBOMACHINERY AND TEST-LOOP COMPONENTS .......................................................................... 24 3.1 TURBOMACHINERY ......................................................................................................................................................... 24 3.1.1 Rotor Cavity ......................................................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.2 Stress Analysis of Turbomachinery Housing........................................................................................................ 28 3.2 GAS CHILLER.................................................................................................................................................................. 30 3.2.1 Analysis and Modeling of the Gas Pre-cooler ...................................................................................................... 31 3.3 WATLOW HEATERS ........................................................................................................................................................ 34 3.4 MOTOR ALTERNATOR AND CONTROLLER....................................................................................................................... 35 3.5 INSTRUMENTATION......................................................................................................................................................... 37 3.6 CONTROL SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................................................... 37 SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF THE COMPRESSION LOOP ............................................................................................ 40 4.1 COMPRESSOR MODEL DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................... 40 4.2 ORIFICE MODEL.............................................................................................................................................................. 41 4.3 INVENTORY CONTROL MODEL ....................................................................................................................................... 41 4.4 RESULTS OF DYNAMIC SIMULATION FOR THE S-CO2 COMPRESSION LOOP .................................................................... 41 TEST RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS..................................................................................................................... 43 5.1 CONTROL OF THE S-CO2 COMPRESSION LOOP................................................................................................................ 43 5.1.1 Control Example .................................................................................................................................................. 44 5.1.2 Operating near the Pseudo-Critical Line ............................................................................................................. 45 5.1.3 Entering the Dome (Saturation Curve) ................................................................................................................ 47 5.2 HIGH SPEED SPIN TEST ................................................................................................................................................... 50 5.3 COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE ......................................................................................................................................... 52 5.3.1 Measured Compressor Maps................................................................................................................................ 54 5.4 WINDAGE LOSSES........................................................................................................................................................... 58 5.4.1 Measured Windage Losses ................................................................................................................................... 62 5.5 SEAL LEAKAGE LOSSES .................................................................................................................................................. 63 5.5.1 Measured Labyrinth Leakage Flow Rates............................................................................................................ 68 5.5.2 Gas-Foil Bearings ................................................................................................................................................ 69 5.5.2.1 Gas-Foil Bearing Test Results ............................................................................................................................................71 5.6 ROTOR SHAFT DYNAMICS .............................................................................................................................................. 75 5.7 THRUST LOAD BALANCING ............................................................................................................................................ 77 5.7.1 Measured Thrust Loads........................................................................................................................................ 79 5.8 HEATED UN-RECUPERATED BRAYTON LOOP RESULTS................................................................................................... 80 5.8.1 Test Series Description......................................................................................................................................... 84 5.8.1.1 Labyrinth Seal Test.............................................................................................................................................................84 5.8.1.2 Preheat Testing ...................................................................................................................................................................84 5.8.1.3 Compressor Mapping Test..................................................................................................................................................85 5.8.1.4 Near Steady-State Heating Test ..........................................................................................................................................85 6 7 DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................................................................................................ 97 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................................................... 91 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................. 93 5PDF Image | Operation and Analysis of a Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle
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