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4. Inventory Bleed Valve: This valve is used to bleed gas that is in the compression loop and thereby lower the inventory levels and the compressor inlet pressure. Opening this valve will lower the gas pressure in the loop. 5. Cooling water pump speed: The cooling water pump speed can be varied to change the flow rate of the coolant, which affects the water temperature to rise in the gas chiller and heat transfer coefficient. The pump speed is generally held constant. 6. Cooling water recirculation valve: This valve controls the amount of warm cooling water exiting the gas chiller that is circulated through the pump without going through the cooling tower. This will allow control of the cooling water inlet temperature over a wide range of conditions and will be needed during cold winter days. 7. Cooling water tower spray: At Sandia, the cooling tower has settings to control the set point temperature of the chilled water. Initially, the S-CO2 controller will not be able to change this set point as it must be performed manually. 5.1.1 Control Example Figure 5-1 shows a T-S (Tepmerature-Entorpy) map for CO2 with the compressor inlet state point locations superimposed on the graph. The state points for five selected tests that were conducted by Sandia and Barber Nichols are shown as green stars on the plot. As the tests progressed in time (test sequence number) the compressor inlet density increases from a low of 0.148 kg/liter on the vapor side of the saturation dome to a high of 0.567 kg/liter, near the liquid side. Because the density increases, the mass or inventory of CO2 in the loop varies from 8.2 kg for the lowest density to 31.7 kg for the high density test. During the tests, the inlet temperature and pressure were manually controlled. The data acquisition and control system displays the T-S or the T-Density (T-D) map of supercritical CO2. In real time, the display provides an indication of whether conditions were in the supercritical region or on the liquid or vapor side of the dome. During startup, the initial temperatures are at room temperature, which is well below the critical point. Thus during startup the CO2 state points are on the saturation liquid-vapor curve. To get above the dome (saturation curve), the temperature was adjusted by heating the water temperature reservoir of ~300 gallons to 88-90°F or by running the compressor at low rpm (10,000) which required about 10 kW of motor power. No cooling was required because the room temperature of the water reservoir was well below the critical temperature. The density was controlled by pumping more CO2 into the loop or by venting. The Coriolis flow meter proved to be a valuable control signal as it measures the density directly. Increasing the density lowers the entropy as illustrated by the T-S curve of Figure 5-1. Note also that near the top of the dome the T-S curve shows that, as fluid is added to the loop one will observe only small changes in the fill pressure. This made it difficult to determine when to stop filling the loop based on pressure alone, but this issue was nicely solved by having the Coriolis meter that provides the density (provided the fluid is in the single phase region). The water flow through the pre-cooler was not controlled other than by heating the water reservoir prior to starting a spin test. The gas booster pump operating speed was manually controlled by opening or closing a shut off valve. The CO2 fill was controlled manually as well. Many of these activities will be automated in future configurations of the test hardware. Because the water recirculation valve was not 44PDF Image | Operation and Analysis of a Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle
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