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Much research has been conducted on the effect of working fluid selection as it applies to Rankine cycles [7–14]. Working fluids studied include water, ammonia, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons , hydrochlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide and many other materials. Many fluids have attractive thermophysical properties, but are quickly ruled as unfavorable for anything other than research due to flammability, toxicity, lack of availability, cost, required working pressures or are subject to phase-out due to environmental considerations. Table 2-1 gives examples of working fluids currently being used in industry and for research. Table 2-1: Non-exhaustive list of RC working fluids in industry and research Sources: Company websites and noted citations. Study/Company Ormat [15] Turboden Cryostar [16] Pratt and Whitney General Electric Freepower, UK Tri-O-Gen Nelson, Cummins [17] Teng, AVL [18] Electratherm Ener-g-rotors Infinity Turbine Freymann et al.,BMW [19] Endo et al., Honda [20] Oomori and Ogino, Toyota [21] Working Fluid Isobutane Solkatherm R245fa, R134a R245fa R245fa n-Hexane Toluene R245fa Ethanol R245fa Proprietary Varies Water Water R123 Power Output 11.3 MW 1-7 MW 500 kW – 12 MW 280 kW 125 kW 6*, 60*,85*,120 kW 60 – 165 kW 60 kW 11.6 kW* 65 kW 40-60 kW 10-30 kW 10 kW* 2.5kW* 400 W* *Prototypes only or not commercially available as of May 2011. Figure 2-5 shows vapor pressure for working fluids in Table 2-1 plus three other common ORC fluids at 85 °C, the temperature available for this work. All fluids except R245fa and Solkatherm were eliminated from consideration due to aforementioned reasons. Vaporization pressures above 1.03 MPa requires higher-pressure ratings for 8PDF Image | ORC WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM WITH A TESLA-HYBRID
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