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Turboexpanders are most often used in large scale plants while PD machines are used in smaller plants as shown in Table 2-2. Turboexpanders work at rotational speeds as high as 50,000 RPM and typically exhibit peak efficiencies in the 60-90% range. The high speed of turboexpanders requires a sophisticated design and manufacturing effort and increased component cost. Special bearings, seals and lubrication systems are often required. Turboexpanders do not work well at off-design conditions and are damaged by working fluid condensing before the exhaust. Table 2-2: Non-exhaustive list of ORC turboexpanders and positive-displacement expanders. Sources: Company websites and noted citations. Study/Company Ormat [15] Turboden Cryostar Pratt and Whitney General Electric Freepower, UK [27] Tri-O-Gen Nelson, Cummins [17] Teng, AVL [18] Expander Type Turboexpanders Axial, multi-stage Axial Radial Inflow Radial Inflow Radial Inflow Radial Inflow 2 or 3 stage Radial Inflow Radial Inflow Centrifugal Power Output 11.3 MW 1-7 MW 500 kW – 12 MW 280 kW 125 kW 6*, 60*,85*,120 kW 60 – 165 kW 60 kW* 11.6 kW* 65 kW 40-60 kW 10-30 kW 10-30 kW 10 kW* 2.5kW* 400 W* Positive Displacement Expanders Electratherm Ener-g-rotors Infinity Turbine Eneftech Freymann et al.,BMW [19] Endo et al., Honda [20] Oomori and Ogino, Toyota [21] Twin-Screw Gerotor Screw Scroll Axial Piston Swash plate axial piston Scroll *Prototypes only or not commercially available as of May 2011. PD machines operate at slower speeds and exhibit higher expansion ratios than similarly sized turboexpanders. The slower speed reduces the need for higher cost rotating components and reduces manufacturing costs in areas such as balancing. These factors contribute to lower expander cost for PD machines versus turboexpanders. PD 10PDF Image | ORC WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM WITH A TESLA-HYBRID
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