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Assessment of Potential and Promotion of New Generation of Renewable Technologies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Various concepts for floating structures 3 Figure 2: Poly crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels, photovoltaic cells produced via string ribbon process 7 Figure 3: Parabolic trough system at the Plataforma Solar de Almería in Spain 14 Figure 4: Solar tower at the Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA) in Spain 16 Figure 5: Simplified process scheme of the production of synthetic hydrocarbons via gasification and downstream Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis 20 Figure 6: Horizontal axis turbine 26 Figure 7: Point Absorber ‘Power Buoy’ in Spain 27 Figure 8: Attenuator by Pelamis Wave Power Ltd. 28 Figure 9: Geothermal power station based on ORC [GTN 2003] 30 Figure 10: Geothermal power station based on Kalina cycle [GTN 2003] 32 Figure 11: Renewable electricity costs 33 Figure 12: Technical potential for renewable electricity in the EU 34 Figure 13: The typical product life cycle according to Levitt (1965) 36 Figure 14: Mapping of energy technologies in Europe – market potential versus market deployment (indicative scaling) 37 Figure 15: R&D intensity of EU-15, Japan and the US (all sectors) 48 Figure 16: Private and Public R&D expenditure in the SET priority areas in the EU, 2007 49 Figure 17: Indicative R&D investment in non-nuclear SET-Plan priority technologies from industry (2007), the public national sector (2007) and EU funds through FP6 (2006) 50 Figure 18: Comparative evolution of energy R&D public expenditure in the EU-17, the US and Japan between 1991 and 2005 50 Figure 19: Evolution of EU Member States public R&D research expenditure energy technologies (1985-2007, excluding EU funds) with a detailed breakdown for the year 2007 51 Figure 20: Public and corporate R&D expenditure in wind technology 52 Figure 21: Public R&D funding for wind energy by country 52 Figure 22: Gap between current and required R&D funding for wind 54 Figure 23: Public and corporate R&D expenditure in solar technology 55 Figure 24: Public R&D funding for solar PV by country 56 Figure 25: Public R&D funding for CSP by country 56 Figure 26: Gap between current and required R&D funding for solar 58 Figure 27: Budget distributions for R&D with short, medium and long-term impact and overall across all timescales for exploitation 59 Figure 28: Level and sources of R&D funding by timescale for exploitation 60 Figure 29: Public R&D funding for bioenergy by country 61 Figure 30: Public R&D funding for geothermal energy by country 62 Figure 31: Public R&D funding for ocean energy by country 64 Figure 32: SET Plan Technology waves 90 Figure 33: SET Plan process 96 Figure 34: Share of state aid for horizontal priorities in the environment and energy sectors (EU-27) 108 Figure 35: State aid priorities in 2007 in France, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Spain and Portugal, compared with the EU average 108 Figure 36: Share of state aid for horizontal priorities in the environment and energy sectors, new member states (EU-12) Figure 37: Process scheme of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) 109 131 IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 PE 440.278 xiPDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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