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Assessment of Potential and Promotion of New Generation of Renewable Technologies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ • Bio-energy: biogas upgrading, biomass-to-liquids (BTL), biomass-based integrated gasification combines cycle (IGCC), lignocellulosic ethanol; • Ocean energy: current, wave, tidal; • Geothermal energy: Hot Dry Rock (HDR), organic rankine cycle (ORC), Kalina Cycle. State of the art and further potential for emerging technologies Offshore wind, ocean power and geothermal energy will allow tapping additional potentials for which existing commercial technologies are not suitable. Advanced photovoltaics, concentrating solar power and new bioenergy technologies on the other hand have technical advantages over available technologies, e.g. they are more efficient, and/ or they promise to allow for lower energy costs. Wind energy Offshore wind power is in the early commercialization stage. First offshore wind parks have been installed, serving to make early commercial experiences. These are not yet based on dedicated offshore technology. The specific investment for offshore wind power is expected to be higher than for onshore, with electricity yield also generally higher. At present cost estimates, this will result in higher electricity generation costs for a first commercialization phase. In the mid-term perspective, offshore costs are expected to go down to or below costs of onshore wind power. Major research areas include integration into the European electricity grid, technologies for the installation of offshore wind turbines (e.g. dedicated ships for the construction of offshore installations), material issues (corrosion resistant coating, corrosion resistant design to protect electronics inside the turbines, etc.), foundations, etc. Another research issue is the development of floating structures as foundations for offshore wind turbines. Floating structures are required for wind farms at water depths of 60 m and more. Connecting and disconnecting HVDC lines via a DC switch is still an open issue. Today, HVDC connection/ disconnection is accomplished using DC/AC/DC converters. Research issues concerning environmental impacts include noise reduction during construction in order to avoid detrimental impacts on marine life. Offshore wind power in the EU could meet more than 85% of today’s electricity demand of ~3,300 TWh. The SET-Plan projects up to 20% of electricity in the EU to be produced by wind energy technologies (onshore and offshore) by 2020. The electricity grid in Europe will be able to integrate up to 35% renewable electricity in a seamless way, effectively matching supply and demand. Photovoltaics Photovoltaic (PV) panels based on crystalline photovoltaic cells are a mature technology. The major research and development area is cost reduction, notably through optimized production equipment. Photovoltaic panels based on thin-film photovoltaic are partly mature technologies, e.g. CdTe cells, and partly in the early stage of market introduction such as CIS, CIGS and micro-crystalline photovoltaic cells. Foreseen developments and research areas notably include the improvement of manufacturing technologies, the reduction of manufacturing costs and increased module efficiencies. One issue in the production of photovoltaic panels is to avoid the release of toxic and harmful substances into air and water by adequate abatement technologies, and to avoid IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 PE 440.278 xiiiPDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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