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Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy ____________________________________________________________________________________________ the use of such substances entirely. A lifetime of 25 years and above are guaranteed by most of the manufactures for photovoltaic panels based on mono- and polycrystalline, amorphous and micro-crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells as well as for CdTe photovoltaic cells. Some thin-film technologies face resource restrictions (e.g. tellurium in case of CdTe). Dye-ink and organic photovoltaic cells are in the stage of research and development. So far, the lifetime of dye-ink and organic photovoltaic is too short for the use in photovoltaic power stations. Electricity generation costs of photovoltaics are steadily decreasing through increased manufacturing capacities and technological improvements. Thin film technologies are pursued for their further cost reduction potential. Photovoltaics is expected to achieve grid parity, i.e. generation costs equal to private consumer purchase prices, in the mid-term future. The implementation potential of photovoltaics in the EU by far exceeds total current electricity consumption. Concentrating solar power Concentrating solar power (CSP) is adequate for regions with high direct solar irradiation such as southern Europe or Northern Africa. The advantage of CSP is that a thermal storage can be used to increase the equivalent full load electricity generation period to 3,500-4,000 h per year. This also allows generating electricity at night. An important environmental issue is the introduction of dry cooling towers for the installation of CSP in areas where water is scarce. Parabolic trough based CSP has reached a high maturity with first commercial systems recently installed in southern Spain (9 plants have been operational in California since the 1980ies), whereas CSP based on solar tower technology is in the state of research and development. Linear fresnel collectors have reached early commercial maturity. An important area of research is the replacement of the oil based heat transfer fluid by e.g. direct steam generation for CSP in parabolic trough plants. The electricity generation potential of CSP within the EU is between 50% and 67% of today’s electricity consumption. Including the potential in Northern Africa, current consumption in Europe and Northern Africa could be satisfied many times over. According to the SET-Plan projections, up to 3% of EU electricity consumption will be produced by CSP by 2020. Bioenergy Upgrading of biogas offers the advantage to use the natural gas grid to transport biogas to the consumer and to use methane from biogas as transportation fuel. Meanwhile mature technologies for biogas upgrading have been developed. Synthetic gasoline and diesel (“biomass-to-liquid” (BTL)) can be produced via gasification of lignocellulosic biomass such as wood and straw with downstream synthesis and upgrading. The technology is under development since several years. BTL plants are still an issue of research and development. Alternatively lignocellulosic biomass can be converted to ethanol via hydrolysis and fermentation. The lignocellulosic ethanol process is also in the state of research and development. The use of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of transportation fuels competes with the use of lignocellulosic biomass for electricity and heat generation. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 PE 440.278 xivPDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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