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Assessment of Potential and Promotion of New Generation of Renewable Technologies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Environmental performance Both the operation and the construction of offshore wind turbines induce underwater noise. While it is not yet clear whether operating noise affects the behaviour of marine animals, construction noise is considered as crucial. Common foundation techniques require driving steel tubes up to 30 m into the seabed. In general, hydraulic pile hammers are used for this purpose. At present several measures are discussed to reduce the underwater noise of construction: prolonging the impulse, vibration pile driving, the use of sound barriers based on bubble curtain and noise barriers based on sound impedance mismatch between the barrier material and water. A very high degree of noise reduction can be achieved by using a combination of various measures [Elmer 2007]. Foreseen developments and research areas The foundation for wind turbines installed offshore is more expensive than that for onshore wind power. Offshore wind turbines already in the stage of planning are installed at a water depth of up to 60 m [dena 2010]. For deeper waters (>60 m) floating structures will be required. There exist various concepts for floating structures. One concept proposed by the Norwegian companies Statoil (www.statoil.com) and SWAY (http://sway.no), is to install the wind turbine on a ballast-stabilised single pile, a so-called spar-buoy. Statoil and Siemens installed a wind turbine with a capacity of 2.3 MW on its floating foundation based on a spar-buoy. The technology can be used for a water depth of up to 700 m [Lessner 2010]. Blue H Technologies (www.bluehgroup.com) in the Netherlands and the German engineering company Gicon (www.gicon.de) want to install the wind turbine on a so-called tension-leg platform (TLP). The platform floats below the surface, and is held rigidly in place by chains running to steel or concrete anchors on the seabed. Another concept is the buoyancy stabilised platform where the wind turbine is installed on a platform which floats on the water surface. For both the TLP and the buoyancy stabilised platform the stabilisation is carried out by the chains. As a consequence rupture of the chains would lead to tipping of the wind turbine. Figure 1: Various concepts for floating structures Source: LBST derived from [NREL 2007] Ballast Stabilised Mooring Line Stabilised Buoyancy Stabilised (Spar-buoy) (Tension-Leg-Platform) IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 3 PE 440.278 LBST derived from [NREL 2007]PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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