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Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Another concept proposed by the Swedish company Hexicon (www.hexicon.eu) is to install the wind turbines on a hexagonal platform, six single wind turbines at the angles and one at the centre. The total capacity of the seven wind turbines is indicated with 40 MW, the investment with about 100 million € (2,500 €/kW). A problem of Hexicon’s concept might be the rather small distances between the wind turbines leading to shading effects of the wind turbines. Generally the distance between wind turbines should be about 8 rotor diameters in the main wind direction and 4 rotor diameters in the other wind direction. Today, most offshore wind turbines are installed at a water depth of up to 20 m [SRA 2008]. Furthermore the distances for electricity transportation are longer today. Offshore wind farms are planned to be installed at locations of up to 200 km away from the coast (especially in Germany). The portion of the overall investment costs for the foundations and the grid connection of an offshore wind farm is higher than that for onshore wind farms. Therefore, larger wind turbines are under development for offshore wind farms. As offshore wind farms are partly far away from the coast (> 100 km), high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmissions are taken into account as an alternative to alternate current (AC) transmission. The advantage of HVDC is the lower electricity loss during long distance transport (<4% per 1,000 km). In the North Sea and the Baltic Sea it is planned to connect offshore wind power farms with the coast by an offshore electricity grid and to connect offshore wind farms with pumped hydro to Northern Europe [EWEC 2009]. Still an open issue is connecting and disconnecting HVDC lines via DC switch. Until now connection/disconnection of HVDC without using a DC/AC and AC/DC converter is not possible. Research areas are the integration into the European electricity grid, technologies for the installation of offshore wind turbines (dedicated ships for the construction of offshore installations), material issues (corrosion resistant coating, corrosion resistant design to protect electronics inside the turbines, etc.), foundation for deep waters (floating structures) and noise reduction during the construction of the foundations to protect marine life. Estimated potential of their EU deployment It is expected that the installed capacity of wind power will reach 180 GW until 2020, thereof 40 GW offshore [SRA 2008]. Assuming an equivalent full load period of 3,500 h per year for offshore wind power, 140 TWh of electricity will be generated per year (approximately 4% of today’s electricity demand). By the end of 2009 more than 2 GW offshore wind capacity were installed [EWEA 2010]. The potential for offshore wind power in the EU ranges between 2,900 and 3,200 TWh/yr [Joule 1995], [Viertel 2005] and could meet more than 85% of today’s electricity demand (~3,300 TWh in 2006 [Non-OECD 2008], [OECD 2008]). According to [SET-Plan 10/2009] up to 20% of the electricity in the EU will be produced by wind energy technologies (onshore and offshore) by 2020 (12% by photovoltaics, 3% by concentrating solar power (CSP) and 14% by bioenergy). The electricity grid in Europe will be able to integrate up to 35% renewable electricity (probably fluctuating electricity sources such as wind and solar are meant here) in a seamless way and operate along the "smart" principle, effectively matching supply and demand by 2020. Backup power stations should be flexible. Nuclear and coal power plants have a limited ability to follow fluctuations. Natural gas (and/or biogas) fuelled power plants are an adequate technology. Nuclear power stations based on pressurized water reactor technology can follow fluctuations between 50 (minimum load) and 100% load within 10 to 15 minutes. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 4 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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