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Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy ____________________________________________________________________________________________ The “EU Restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS) Directive 2002/95/EG” limits the content of hazard substances in homogeneous material (material that can not be mechanically disjointed in different materials). The content of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) shall not exceed 1 g per kg of homogeneous material The cadmium (Cd) content shall not exceed 0.1 g per kg of homogeneous material. [RoHS 2009]. Currently PV panels are not subject to the RoHS6. Future inclusion of the PV panels is a business risk for CdTe PV panel manufacturers. What that means in terms of photovoltaics is that for example the maximum concentration values must refer to semiconductor layers. Cadmium-containing layers in CdTe or CIS modules therefore generally fall under the regulations of RoHS. The same applies to solder joints, which usually consist of Sn60Pb40. Regarding the glass frits of the cells, the lead contents also exceeds the maximum value of 0.1%. With respect to brominated flame-retardants, plastic casings and circuit boards require a special analysis [PV Cycle 2007]. But the RoHS allows exemptions if alternatives are technically or scientifically impracticable or have higher environmental, health and/or consumer safety impacts. Each exemption is reviewed at least every four years. The “EU Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment Directive 2002/96/EG (WEEE)” regulates the recycling and disposal of electronic devices. Currently PV panels are not subject to the RoHS. PV panels may be included in the WEEE in the future, however. Therefore, part of the PV industry in the EU are developing PV system take back and recycling concepts [PV Cycle 2007]. Regarding cristalline PV panels the requirements resulting hereof would be to collect them separately from other waste streams as well as to secure transportation without damage to the modules. This necessity does not exist for thin film silicon modules. Regarding the treatment of cristalline modules, separation of the silicon is an important goal in order to arrive at reuse, recovery or recycling. The goal for cadmium containing PV panels is to separate the cadmium in order to extract it from the rest of the waste stream. The treatment of thin-film silicon PV panels has rather the goal of separating glas and metal in order to recover and recycle it. Estimated potential of their EU deployment By the end of 2008 about 9.7 GW of photovoltaic capacity was installed. It is expected that in 2010 the capacity will increase to about 18 GW [EUROBSERVER 2010]. The technical potential for electricity generation from photovoltaics on roofs ranges between 500 and 800 TWh per year depending on the efficiency of the PV panels and the performance ratio of the plant. For the calculation of the PV potential it has been assumed that two thirds of the roof area useful for solar panel installation can be used for PV panels (one third is used for solarthermal collectors for heat generation). 1.2.2. Crystalline silicon Photovoltaic (PV) panels based on crystalline photovoltaic cells are a mature technology. The major research and development area is cost reduction, notably through optimized production equipment. 6 Currently the following electric and electronic equipment is covered by the RoHS and WEEE: large household appliances, small household appliances, IT and telecommunications equipment, consumer equipment, lighting equipment, electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial tools), toys, leisure and sports equipment, medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and infected products), monitoring and control instruments, automatic dispensers IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 6 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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