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Assessment of Potential and Promotion of New Generation of Renewable Technologies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Table 3: Electricity requirement for the production of solar grade silicon [kWhe/kg] In August 2009 a solar grade production plant based on metallurgical refining of metallurgical silicon from Elkem was inaugurated. After ramp up about 6000 t of solar grade silicon will be produced per year (sufficient for the production of PV panels with a capacity of about 800 MWp per year). The investment amounts to about 600 million US$ (~420 million €) [Elkem 2010]. Pure quartz is required as feedstock. Another issue of research is the reduction of the thickness of the wafer. The lower the thickness of the wafer the less silicon is required. Another issue is to reduce the losses from sawing. Via the “Silicon Genesis Process” and the “Imec Process” thin (50 μm) wafers can be produced. The process is in the R&D stage. The “Silicon Genesis Process” uses hydrogen to extract thin slices from thick (several mm to several cm) silicon slices. The “Imec Process” uses the different thermal expansion coefficients of silicon and silver to extract thin slices from a thick (several mm to several cm) silicon slice. Other approaches are the use of a laser beam or a water beam instead of a wire saw which is used today to produce wafers [Photon 9/2008]. Another approach to reduce the silicon requirement is to introduce the edge-defined film- fed growth (EFG) technology or the string ribbon technology which significantly reduce the losses from sawing. 1.2.3. Thin film Costs and lifespan Photovoltaic panels based on thin-film photovoltaic are partly mature technologies, e.g. CdTe (Cadmium Telluride) cells, and partly in the early stage of market introduction such as CIS (Copper Indium Disulphide), CIGS (Copper Indium Gallium Disulphide) and micro- crystalline photovoltaic cells. Foreseen developments and research areas most notably include the improvement of manufacturing technologies, the reduction of manufacturing costs and increased module efficiencies. Thin film technology has the potential to decrease the material requirement and as a result the costs. On the other hand some thin film technologies have to face the scarcity of materials like tellurium (Te) for CdTe panels. The tellurium content by mass of the earth crust plus hydrosphere plus atmosphere is in the same order as gold (Te: 10-6; Au: 0.5 10-6). The indium content (used e.g. for CIS panels) is one magnitude higher (10-5) but has to face competing use e.g. the fast growing production of flat panel displays. The tellurium reserves amount to about 22,000 t (reserve base: 48,000 t) [USGS 2009]. According to [Angerer 2009] in 2006 the global tellurium production was about 132 t (excluding the USA). In [Angerer 2009] the tellurim content of CdTe photovoltaic cells is indicated with 31 g/kWp. According to First Solar [First Solar 2/2010], a manufactuer of CdTe panels, the CdTe content amounts to about 14 g per panel (80 W) leading to a tellurium content of about 93 g per kWp. Siemens process (HSiCl3 route) Fluidized bed process (HSiCl3 route) Muto silicon (SiF4 route) Upgraded metallurgical (UMG) silicon 75-130 50 120 10-30 IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 9 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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