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Assessment of Potential and Promotion of New Generation of Renewable Technologies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ The higher the concentration, the higher is the necessary share of direct solar irradiation and the higher is the accuracy of both the assembly and the tracking system. Companies offering CPV are e.g. Concentrix Solar from Freiburg, Germany. Research issues for CPV are to find reliable, long-term stable and low-cost solutions for flat and concave mirrors, lenses and Fresnel lenses and their combination with secondary concentrators. Materials and mounting techniques have to be developed for the assembly of concentrator cells and optical elements [EuPV-TP 2007]. 1.2.5. Dye ink cell Dye-ink photovoltaic cells are in the stage of research and development. So far, the lifetime of dye-ink photovoltaic is too short for the use in photovoltaic power stations. The dye-inked cells or dye-sensitized solar cells separate the two functions provided by silicon in a traditional cell design. Normally, the silicon acts as both the source of photoelectrons, as well as providing the electric field to separate the charges and create a current. In the dye-sensitized solar cell, the bulk of the semiconductor is used solely for charge transport, the photoelectrons are provided from a separate photosensitive dye. Charge separation occurs at the surfaces between the dye, semiconductor and electrolyte. The dye-sensitized solar cell was invented by Michael Grätzel and Brian O'Regan at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in 1991 and is also known as Grätzel cell. The active layer consists of a highly porous nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (nc-TiO2) deposited on a transparent electrically conducting substrate. A monomolecular layer of a sensitizing dye on the nc-TiO2 surface absorbs the incoming light. The device is completed by a counter-electrode comprising a thin platinum catalyst. The two electrodes are sealed to ensure confinement of the electrolyte containing the iodide/tri-iodide redox couple [Solaronix 2010]. Until now an efficiency of about 11% has been achieved. But degradation occurs if dye ink cells are exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation [Rossier-Iten 2006]. The major disadvantage to the dye ink cells is the use of the liquid electrolyte, which has temperature stability problems. At low temperatures the electrolyte can freeze, ending power production and potentially leading to physical damage. Higher temperatures cause the liquid to expand, making sealing the panels a serious problem. Another major drawback is the electrolyte solution, which contains volatile organic solvents and must be carefully sealed. This, along with the fact that the solvents permeate plastics, has precluded large- scale outdoor application and integration into flexible structure [ScienceDaily 2008]. Replacing the liquid electrolyte with a solid has been a major ongoing field of research. Dye ink cells employing an organic solid achieve an efficiency of about 4% [Rossier-Iten 2006]. 1.2.6. Organic photovoltiacs (OPV) Organic photovoltaic cells are in the stage of research and development. So far, the lifetime of organic photovoltaic is too short for the use in photovoltaic power stations. Organic photovoltaics (OPV) refer to solar cells on the basis of organic semiconductor materials. A variant of organic photovoltaics are electrically conductive polymers (hydrocarbon polymers) used by Alan Heeger. OPV is pursued for the promise of fast and cheap roll-to-roll production at very little material efforts. Nanosolar in Germany is one of the companies to develop OPV production routes. Despite high expectations and significant private equity in the order of US$ 300 million raised, actual progress has been much slower than anticipated. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 11 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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