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Assessment of Potential and Promotion of New Generation of Renewable Technologies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ A lifetime of at least 40 years is expected [Andasol 2010] similar to coal fuelled steam turbine power stations. Energy efficiency and environmental performance The efficiency (solar energy to electricity) typically amounts to about 15% (peak efficiency: 28%). The collector efficiency (average over the year) amounts to about 50%. The land requirement amounts to about 2 ha per megawatt of electricity output. An issue is the usage of dry cooling towers instead of wet cooling towers in regions where water is scarce. Wet cooling requires about 2.8 m3 per MWh of electricity, which is comparable to other thermal power stations. Air cooling and wet/dry hybrid cooling systems offer highly viable alternatives to wet cooling and can eliminate up to 90% of the water usage. The penalty in electricity costs for steam generating CSP plants range between 2 and 10% depending on the actual geographical location, electricity pricing and effective water costs. The loss of a steam plant with state-of-the-art dry cooled condenser can be as high as 25% on very hot summer days in the US Southwest [SET-Plan 2009]. Foreseen developments and research areas One issue of research is to use steam (direct steam generation) or molten salt instead of oil as heat transfer fluid to increase the efficiency. However, molten salts freeze at relatively high temperatures of 120 to 220°C. Therefore, measures must be carried out to ensure that the salt does not freeze in the solar field piping during the night [SET-Plan 2009]. 1.3.3. Linear fresnel collectors Instead of parabolic trough, fresnel collectors can be used which consist of flat mirrors. The production costs for fresnel collectors are considered to be lower than those for parabolic troughs. But the annual optical performance is lower than that of a trough reflector [SET-Plan 2009]. Only a few plants have been installed until now. In Europe, Novatec BioSol is operating a 1.4 MW demonstration plant in Murcia in Southern Spain and is arranging financing for a 30 MW plant on an adjacent site. The Solar Power Group, working in partnership with the industrial services company MAN-Ferrostaal, is planning a 15 MW hybrid plant in Libya in North Africa in addition to other projects in Spain and North Africa. A 1 MW prototype has been tested at the Plataforma Solar de Almería research centre in Spain since 2007. The plant produces superheated steam at 450°C and 10 MPa pressure. The deployment of linear fresnell collectors is also planned for a 100 MW project in Ma'an in Jordan with a back-up fossil boiler (expected to enter operation in 2013). Another project involving linear fresnell collectors is to produce steam to boost a proposed 750 MW coal-fired power station in Queensland, Australia [CSP today 2010]. A fixed receiver is installed at a height of 3-10 m above the ground, and 10 to 20 small mirrors stripes, accessible from the ground, are canted onto the same absorber. All current pilot scale systems use water/steam as heat transfer fluid, feeding directly into a steam turbine or absorption chiller. The configuration allows for smaller distances between the mirror rows, but leads to low power production in the morning and evening hours [CSP Services 2010]. The deployment of linear fresnel collectors is proposed for projects in countries that require a higher share of local supply and construction and at the same time miss the know how to manufacture parabolic trough collectors. However, the lower performance of this technology variant together with the lack of long- term operating experience is still an issue for the commercial implementation [CSP Services 2010]. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 15 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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