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Assessment of Potential and Promotion of New Generation of Renewable Technologies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Biogas is generated via anaerobic fermentation of moist vegetable biomass, livestock manure, organic waste from households and catering (which mainly consists of wet organic waste), and sludge from sewage plants. Biogas mainly consists of 50 to 75% methane (CH4) and 25 to 50% carbon dioxide (CO2). There are also small amounts (up to 1%) of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and traces of ammonia (NH3), nitrogen (N2), hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). Today, biogas is mainly used for electricity and heat generation via a gas engine onsite the fermenter. By the end of 2007 biogas plants with an electricity generation capacity of about 3.7 GW were installed within the EU [BMU 2009]. If the biogas has to be transported to the consumer using the natural gas grid, upgrading to natural gas quality (CH4 >98%) is required. Upgrading to natural gas quality is also required if the biogas is to be used as transportation fuel for CNG vehicles. Today, upgraded biogas as transportation fuel for CNG vehicles is mainly used in Sweden. Technologies are pessurised water scrubbing (PWS), physical scrubbing using an organic liquid such as polyethyleneglycol dimethylether (Selexol) or the scrubbing agent “genosorb”, pressure swing adsorption (PSA), chemical scrubbing processes using amines (e.g. MEA, DEA), cryogenic technologies (e. g. the TCR system from the Dutch company Jeroen de Pater Gastreatment Services), and separation via membranes. Today, mainly pressurised water scrubbing and pressure swing adsorption (PSA) plants are applied. Costs and lifespan The investment for upgrading via pressurised water scrubbing (PWS) ranges between 0.6 million € for a plant with a capacity of 100 Nm3 biogas per hour (50-75 Nm3 CH4/h) and 0.9 million € for a plant with a capacity of 600 Nm3 biogas per hour (300-450 Nm3 CH4/h) [Schulz 2004]. The investment for upgrading via pressure swing adsorption ranges between 0.4 million € for a plant with a capacity of 100 Nm3 biogas per hour (50-75 Nm3 CH4/h) and 0.8 million € for a plant with a capacity of 600 Nm3 biogas per hour (300-450 Nm3 CH4/h) [Schulz 2004]. Upgrading via membrane separation is still in the research and development stage. Energy efficiency and environmental performance Generally the treatment of organic residues including sewage sludge via fermentation in biogas plants offers the advantage of recycling nutrients such as phosphorus. The electricity consumption for the process of upgrading biogas to natural gas quality via pressurised water scrubbing (PWS) and pressure swing adsorption (PSA) ranges between 0.25 to 0.30 kWh per Nm3 biogas to be processed which leads to about 0.03 to 0.05 MJ per MJ of CH4. Chemical scrubbing processes lead to lower electricity consumption (0.13-0.15 kWh per Nm3 of biogas to be processed) however, a temperature of 160°C is required for the regeneration of the scrubbing agent. The electricity consumption for membrane separation depends on the pressure. In case of pressurised water scrubbinig (PWS) and pressure swing adsorption (PSA) methane losses typically amount to about 1-2%. However, there are PSA plant designs where the methane losses can reach 10% for PSA plants. The CH4 losses can be found in the tail gas. The tail gas including methane can be fed into a gas engine to avoid the emissions of CH4 into the atmosphere. Table 5 shows an overview of the different biogas upgrading technologies. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 17 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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