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Assessment of Potential and Promotion of New Generation of Renewable Technologies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ In addition biogas can be derived from the cultivation of energy crops. According to [EAA 2006] a biomass yield of 10 t (wheat whole plant) to 17.5 t (double cropping, optimal) of dry substance per ha and year can be expected in the EU. According to [KTBL 2006] the gross methane (CH4) yield amounts to about 270 Nm3 per t of dry substance in case of wheat whole plant and 312 Nm3 per t of dry substance in case of maize whole plant (which is used together with another plant for double cropping). The energy supply for the biogas and upgrading plant requires about 20% of the biogas formed in the fermenter. If 10% (~10.5 Mio. ha) of the arable land in the EU (~105 Mio. ha) would be used for the cultivation of energy crops for biogas generation, about 820 to 1,650 PJ of ugraded biogas could be generated per year from energy crops. The total technical potential of upgraded biogas from organic residues and from energy crops woud amount to about 1,320 to 2,650 PJ per year or 7 to 15% of today’s natural gas consumption in the EU. Many studies (including [EEA 2006]) assume high yield increase in the future by extrapolating the yield increase of the past into the future. The question is whether this approach is realistic. According to [UNEP 2009] global crop yields actually grow slower than they did in the past and cropland per capita is likely to decline because of population growth. Thus, the option for producing biogas from the cultivation of energy crops is more constrained than it might seem. Especially in countries with high crop yield levels, yield increases seem to have slowed down. A constraint of rising importance is the increasing level of nutrient pollution. 1.4.2. BTL Synthetic gasoline and diesel (“biomass-to-liquid” (BTL)) can be produced via gasification of lignocellulosic biomass such as wood and straw with downstream synthesis and upgrading. BTL is also considered as so-called “2nd generation biofuel”. The technology has been under development for several years. BTL plants are still an issue of research and development. Lignocellulosic biomass such as wood chips and straw can be used as feedstock. At first a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) is generated via gasification. After clean-up the product gas stream is sent to the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis stage. The FT synthesis is carried out according to the exothermal reaction: nCO+n2H2 ⇒(-CH2-)n+nH2O (H=-152kJ) To get the maximum yield of liquid hydrocarbons and minimum yield of gases, the FT synthesis is carried out in such a way that predominantly heavy products (heavy paraffin) are created. In a next step the heavy paraffins are cracked into lighter hydrocarbons via hydrocracking. In case of the Shell Middle Distillated Syntheses (SMDS) process, operated at maximum diesel mode, the liquid products consist of some 60% gasoil (diesel), 25% kerosene and 15% naphtha. The gaseous products mainly consist of LPG (a mixture of propane and butane). The separation of the different products is carried out via rectification. Figure 5 shows a simplified diagram describing the generation of synthetic hydrocarbons from biomass via gasification and downstream FT synthesis. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 19 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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