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Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Foreseen developments and research areas Demonstration projects were developed in several countries based on various gasification concepts, such as a pressurized biomass fuelled IGCC unit in the BIOFLOW pilot project in Sweden or the atmospheric biomass fuelled IGCC system in the ARBRE project in UK. According to [SET 2009] the operation of these projects proved to be difficult and they were closed down. The demonstration project in Värnamo - although the plant is closed now - seems to be successful. The plant was operated for 3,600 h as a fully integrated plant. One major issue for further research and development is to achieve the reliable operation of an IGCC plant over a long period of time. Estimated potential of their EU deployment The potential for a biomass fuelled IGCC depends on the availabitly of biomass in general. The use of biomass for IGCC competes with the use of biomass for wood chip fuelled heating plants, wood pellet fuelled boiler, and with the production of BTL. Cascading strategies for the use of biomass include using biomass to produce material (e.g. for construction of buildings and furniture) first, then recover its energy content from the waste. However, in most countries waste wood has already been used for electricity and heat generation. 1.4.4. Lignocellulosic ethanol The lignocellulosic ethanol process is also in the state of research and development. Lignocellulose such as wood and straw mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Enzymes are used to break complex cellulose into simple sugars such as glucose which can be converted to ethanol by fermentation and distillation. One developer of a lignocellulosic ethanol process is Iogen in Canada. Costs and lifespan of the technology The process is stil in the stage of research and development. The investment for a large plant for the conversion of straw to ethanol with an ethanol output of 139 MW based on the LHV (Biomass input: ~330 MW), is expected to be about 300 million US$ [Iogen 2005]. Energy efficiency and environmental performance According to Iogen about 270 kg of ethanol can be generated per t of straw (dry substance) leading to an efficiency of about 42%, based on the LHV [CONCAWE 2007]. The efficiency for the conversion of wood chips to ethanol is indicated with 32 to 35% [Wooley 1999]. The lignous residue is used for heat and electricity generation to meet the energy demand for the ethanol plant (e.g. for distillation of the ethanol). According to [SET 2009] an efficiency of about 35% can be achieved for the conversion of lignocellulosic feedstock to ethanol in general. Some developers use genetic modified organisms (GMO) for hydrolysis and fermentation. One environmental issue could be the possible release of GMO from the ethanol plant into the environment. Forseen developments and research areas Lignocellulosic ethanol plants are still in the state of research and development. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 22 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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