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Assessment of Potential and Promotion of New Generation of Renewable Technologies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Table 7 shows the technical and economic data for the above ground installations of geothermal power plants based on an ORC, including construction, piping, cooling tower, control unit, etc. and engineering. Electricity consumption for pumping which makes the major contribution to the difference between gross and electricity ouput, depends on friction losses and therefore on the depth of the geothermal resource. The data inTable 7 are based on a drilling depth of 2,980 m. Table 7: Technical and economic data for the aboveground installations of geothermal power stations based on ORC [GTN 2003] Unit 115°C 120°C Capacity (gross) kWe 650 870 Capacity (net) kWe 310 420 Investment million € 2.945 3.355 €/kWe (gross) €/kWe (net) 4,530 9,500 3,860 7,980 Maintenance % of investment/yr 2 2 Operating costs €/kWe 40 40 Insurance % of investment/yr 0.75 0.75 Labour €/yr 40,000 40,000 Other €/yr 10,000 10,000 1.6.4. Kalina Cycle For the Kalina process a mixture of ammonia (NH3) and water is used (85% H2O, 15% NH3). The efficiency can be increased by 10 to 60% compared with the ORC. The Kalina process is still under development. A first plant was installed in Husavik in Iceland and began trial operation in 2001, another Kalina plant was built in Steamboat Springs, Nevada, in the USA. Another plant with a net electricity generation capacity of 2.0 MW (3.36 MWe gross) was installed in Unterhaching nearby Munich in Germany. The plant has been in operation since 2007. The achievable efficiency depends on the temperature level. At a temperature of 100°C a net efficiency of about 7% can be achieved with ORC. At a temperature of 150°C a net efficiency of 10% can be reached. With the Kalina process a net efficiency of about 9% can be achieved at a temperature of 100°C and a net efficiency of 12% can be achieved at a temperature of 150°C. Already at a temperature of 115°C a net efficiency of 10% can be reached with the Kalina process [GTN 2003]. As a result the Kalina process achieves higher efficiencies than the ORC especially at low temperature levels. Figure 10 shows a simplified scheme for a geothermal power station based on the Kalina cycle. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 31 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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