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Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Biomass-to-Liquid (BtL) BTL production plant market still is in its infancy. There are a few (parts of) demonstrations plants. General technical and financial viability still have to be proven. Contrary to wind and solar power, the economics of this process is sensitive towards feedstock costs. Furthermore, the availability of biomass feedstocks is much more limited, which adds to the economic risk of stranded investments. Especially in comparison to lignocellulosic feedstock use for heat and electricity generation (CHP, 75-85% conversion efficiency), the efficiency is about 2 times higher compared to BtL production (40% conversion efficiency). Companies active in the field are e.g. Choren (Freiberg/DE), and Rentech (US). Given the required R&D efforts still to be undertaken and scales of investment needed for commercially viable BtL production, rather big companies such as Shell are in a position to bring this technology to the market. Lignocelullosic Ethanol The lignocellulosic production plant market still is in its infancy. There are a few (parts of) demonstrations plants worldwide. General technical and financial viability still have to be proven. Contrary to wind and solar power, the economics of this process is highly sensitive towards feedstock costs, which adds to the economic risk of stranded investments. Especially in comparison to lignocellulosic feedstock use for heat and electricity generation (CHP, 75-85% conversion efficiency), the efficiency is about 2 times higher compared to lignocellulosic ethanol production (35% conversion efficiency). Companies active in the field are e.g. Iogen (CA) and Abengoa (ES). Given the required R&D efforts still to be undertaken and scales of investment needed for commercially viable lignocellulosic ethanol production, rather big companies such as Abengoa are in a position to bring this technology to the market. Algae-based bioenergy 10 years after the US Aquatic Species Programm (ASP), which took place from 1978 to 1998, today, a new wave of start-ups and followed by established energy companies are looking into the potential of (micro) algae-based bioenergy. Discussions gained momentum when the aviation sector entered advocating algal biofuels as a ‘drop-in’ replacement for kerosene11. This happened at a time, when actors realised that technology and economic progress with plant oils (e.g. palm oil and Jatropha) as well as biomass-to-liquids (BtL) did not materialise to the expected extent. In spite of the learnings already done in the ASP [NREL 1998], the hopes now put on algal-based biofuels (both FAME and HVO) are high. From the outcomes of the US Aquatic Species Program [NREL 1998] and in the light of lately raised concerns concerning algae economics and sustainability (e.g. [NRDC 2009]), the optimism put into algae has to be revised, i.e. lowered. Some technology proponents claim algal biomass yields that even violate the 1st thermodynamic rule [Steiner 2010]. 11 The aviation sector is probably the transport sector most depending on liquid, fossil fuels and thus the sector most vulnerable to fossil fuels availability and environmental targets setting. There are very few options only to substitute kerosene in light of the physical fuel properties required (e.g. high energy density, tolerant to harsh operating environments, etc.). The use of battery-electricity for aircraft propulsion for mass transport will likely never be an option. In light of the limited biomass potentials, hydrogen as an aircraft transport fuel seems to be most promising, despite the required re-design of the airframe body and the ground-based fuel infrastructure. That is also why the major airframe manufacturers are still betting on biofuels. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 44 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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