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Assessment of Potential and Promotion of New Generation of Renewable Technologies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ General remark to bioenergy feedstock The availability of biomass feedstocks is limited by the availability of physical resources, notably surface area (be it fertile, set-aside, or ‘degraded’ land); water (rain, streams, underground); and nutrients (phosphorus, sulphur, etc.). These resources are naturally limited, have already come under stress in many parts of the world, or will foreseeably loose performance for reasons of soil over-exploitation (e.g. China, USA), climate change effects, or the saturation in ever increasing yield improvements. The overall bioenergy potential is great. However, bioenergy feedstocks: • have been traditionally used since humankind makes use of natural resources; • are under competition for use as food, feed, material, heating, power, transport fuel; • are only cheap as long as (i) waste streams are used, and (ii) demand is below the supply potential; • are already exploited to a large share in Europe (e.g. in the German state of Bavaria wood resources are valorised by some 100%). Bioenergy feedstocks in Europe do not match with today’s scales of energy consumption in either sector (electricity, heat, transport energy) in Europe. Nevertheless, bioenergy can play an important, complementary role in local energy concepts, e.g. as provider of dispatchable energy. The import of bioenergy should be treated carefully. Beside possibly positive local economic effects, it can cause detrimental environmental, social, and economic effects, e.g. through direct and indirect land-use change. The European Union Renewable Energy Directive voted in 2009 [EU-RED 2009] tries to address some of the sustainability issues. It has to be noted though, that especially the indirect land-use changes cannot be appropriately addressed on a project level. For further reading on the assessment of biofuels, see e.g. [UNEP 2009]. Where possible, biomass should be utilised based on cascading strategies. In the case of wood this could be wood for construction material as a first use. The wood waste then can be energetically valorised. 2.1.6. Ocean Current, Wave and Tidal The ocean current, wave and tidal energy markets are in its infancy. There is a plethora of technological solutions to address the potentially big market (approx. the size of geothermal power production), however, demonstrations still have to prove the technical and financial viability. Companies active in the field are e.g. Sabella (FR), Pelamis (UK), Voith Hydro Wavegen (UK), Wave Dragon (DK). 2.1.7. Geothermal Like with biogas, the industry base for geothermal power is pretty scattered. There are different actors for each step in the supply chain, i.e. for exploration, drilling, system (similar to the conventional oil and gas industry) and operation. As the major part of the geothermal power production process is of conventional nature, i.e. the steam turbine process (sufficiently high temperature level provided), the industry base is sufficiently broad. Examples are GE, Kawasaki, Siemens, etc. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 45 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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