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Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.3.4. Concentrating Solar Power Similar to offshore wind energy, concentrating solar power (CSP) has a geographical bias, in this case in the southern parts of Europe and the Mediterranean regions. In order to have a significant amount of CSP in the EU grid mix, high-capacity interconnection lines are required. These would link the EU supply and demand centres. Furthermore, linking the (southern) CSP cluster with the (northern) wind energy cluster not only increases the grid stability but also the general energy supply security for Europe. While the South of Europe (including Turkey) already provides large potentials for concentrating solar power, it would be a miss of opportunities not to include neighbouring regions. CSP projects can serve as a mean for further co-operation, stabilisation and integration of the European Union with the so-called MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region. However, opportunities in third countries must become part of their vision for a mutual energy future. The barrier for technology co-operation is a lack of communication and exchange. The built up of such bonds need time, a framework, and not least a common objective. For example, the multi-stakeholder initiative “Desertec” has laid an industry- driven foundation where politics could make use of the momentum developed therein. 2.3.5. Bioenergy The major barrier with bioenergy is its limited availability, especially with respect to residue and waste feedstocks, which would come cheapest and which provide the most favourable sustainability performance of all biomass feedstock. It is important to recognise this barrier, which cannot be overcome as the biological photosynthesis process has a much lower efficiency than photovoltaics or wind. As an example, the biogas feed-in-tariff had to be raised in Germany to cover the rising feedstock costs and thus avoid moth-mulling of biogas plants. With biogas upgrading, there is a lack of regulation and incentives in Europe to feed-in biogas upgraded to natural gas quality. 2.3.6. Ocean Current, Wave and Tidal Barriers with ocean energy are firstly technology barriers, i.e. the research, development and demonstration of suitable technologies. Subject to the proven technology, regulatory barriers may evolve, such as competition with other sea uses, e.g. as shipping routes. Ocean energy faces the same challenges like offshore wind energy with regard to the deployment of costal grid connections and energy transport to the ‘hinterland’. 2.3.7. Geothermal Exploration and well development risks – especially with very deep drilling and hot-dry rock respectively – are a barrier to the deployment of geothermal power. Exploitation of geothermal resources is hampered by a lack of information available. If regions provide potential atlases as a result from measurement regimes, market actors are not required to repeatedly invest in such investigations. Public acceptance is at risk with further incidents like those in Bale/Switzerland (earthquakes linked to HDR development) and Staufen/Germany (damages to buildings in the aftermath of geothermal explorations). IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 68 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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