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Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy ____________________________________________________________________________________________ The renewable energy directive,18 on the other hand, sets a common EU framework for the promotion of renewable energy sources, with the aim to achieve by 2020 a 20% share of energy from renewable sources in the EU’s final consumption of energy (up from some 8.5% in 2005) and a 10% share of energy from renewable sources in each member state’s transport energy consumption. The directive sets for each member state a national target for the overall share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, taking into account differences in starting points between member states as well as equity and solidarity considerations. The key to implementing and enforcing the renewables directive will be the National Renewable Energy Action Plans, which member states need to notify to the Commission by June 2010. Although the directive provides for flexibility and cooperation mechanisms (e.g., statistical transfers between member states, joint projects with third countries etc.), most national targets will be reached through domestic action [European Commission 2010a]. The directive also establishes common rules related to the access of renewables to the electricity grid and includes sustainability criteria for biofuels and bioliquids to ensure that they can be counted as renewable energy for the purpose of this directive. When the energy and climate change package was discussed, the proposal for a separate renewables target in addition to an emissions reduction target needed justification. After all, it could be argued that in the context of climate change policy, the implementation of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) would eliminate the need for additional RES market stimulation schemes. In fact, it could be argued that with the EU ETS in operation, “the effectiveness of all other policies to reduce CO2 emissions of the participating sectors becomes zero” [Sijm 2005]. [Blankart et al. 2008] and [Sinn 2008] for example, focus on the German case and conclude that the German “Gesetz für den Vorrang Erneuerbarer Energien” (renewable energies law), which is the judicial basis for German feed-in-tariffs, did not in fact lead to an overall reduction of EU greenhouse gas emissions but rather to a reduction of the German standard of living through higher electricity prices. The logic behind this argument is that German feed-in-tariffs lead to a substitution of some fossil based electricity with more expensive renewables based electricity (RES-E), thus reducing the demand of the German power sector for CO2 emissions certificates. Under the EU ETS, excess emissions certificates would be sold at decreasing prices to other member states, which would increase CO2 emissions by the exact same amount by which Germany’s emissions decreased beforehand. Renewables support schemes were thus not able to reduce EU-wide CO2 emissions below the EU ETS cap, but rather led to a shift of emissions to other EU member states. In fact, by reducing the price of the certificates, the feed-in- tariffs actually decreased incentives for other EU member states to invest in renewable energy sources. According to Blankart et al. and Sinn, carbon benefits thus solely depended on the level of the EU ETS cap and not on renewables support measures. Similarly, the global impact of the EU ETS was negligible, because it shifted emissions to other parts of the world in the absence of a global emissions trading system.19 18 Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. 19 On this point, [Sinn 2008] argues that EU climate policy reduced EU demand for fossil fuels and thus their prices. Since global production of fossil fuels remained constant, the difference was consumed in other countries and increased CO2 emissions there. However, no credible empirical studies exist to corroborate this claim and it seems that carbon leakage effects tend to be overstated. Similarly, [Sinn 2008] fails to address first mover advantages, the ongoing demand for clean technologies from emerging economies and the need to build up expertise on these on a continuous basis. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 74 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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